Cyberflora - Plants of the Central Wasatch Front

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FileMaker Pro Database | 2004-06-10 | 488KB | 6,813 lines

work makAll play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All HBAM2016AUG95 Pro 5.0 All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a goodCopyright 1984-1997 Claris Corporation and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. All play and no work makes John a good boy. satisfy@ where@ other@ pop-up@ together@ HBAM3016AUG95@ aboutJ about cyberfloraJ about about layouts acknowledgements attribute attribute boxes backwards bookx comments common{ description~ formal| habitat recordsx synonyms} botanical[ botanical names[ boxesn browseo browse layouto button buttonsh cancel cardk namek cards changeE changing changing records characters_ checkC check quitC chooseN choose familyN choose genusO clear clear names/matches colord comments common{ common names common names entry concurrent concurrent searches countv cyberfloraJ description descriptionsV descriptions layout destinationh destination buttonsh details displaysu nothingm matchesZ menuA nameD dVeQdR 6/10/2004 Helvetica Geneva Pro 3.0 - 4.0F! Pro 5.0 - 6.0M1 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday January February March April August September October November December 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter FEEDBACK HELP 1 HELP 2 HELP 3 LinkB Help 1B Help 2B FeedbackB Help 3B Helvetica Geneva Please Provide Feedback! Make notes at any time by typing them below, scroll if needed. The program will store them as a "Feedback.cbf" file on your hard drive. When you are ready to pass some on, please attach the file to an e-mail, and send to: pdggray@mail.xmission.com I'll try to look them over promptly, and answer questions. Apart from Ooos and Aaahs, it will help most to get feedback about how the programs function for you and your particular computer (especially any problems): Name (optional): Experience level: Computer: Mac Power Mac G3 G4 Other General Comments: e.g. graphics seem to be very slow; Specific Problems: e.g. some photographs don't show up (be specific); Plant Identification: e.g. are you sure the picture shown for Glacier Lily is correct? I think it might be... is great photo 123 looks like A. x 4 this is great other@ parameters@ piecemeal@ es borderng the Great Salt Lake support (in a generally decreasing order of salt-tolerance) Salicornia spp. (pickleweed), Allenrolfea occidentalis (iodinebush), Suaeda spp. (seepweed), Distichlis spicata (saltgrass), Puccinellia spp. (alkaligrass), Hordeum jubatum (foxtail), Sporobolus airoides (alkali sacaton), Sarcobatus vermiculatus (greasewood), Atriplex confertifolia (shadscale), and Atriplex gardneri (saltbush). As the salinity of the soil decreases with increasing altitude, Atriplex confertifolia (shadscale), Eurotia lanata (winterfat), Kochia americana (graymolly), Chrysothamnus nauseosus (rabbitbrush), Tetradymia spp. (horsebrush), Phragmites australis (common reed), Scirpus spp. (bulrush), and even Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) appear or become more numerous, although big sagebrush is more common at higher altitudes in well-drained soils. The same general succession occurs in areas associated with hot springs. Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive), U windowB wintera winterfatK withA within\ withoutZ won't\ woodedK woodsK woodsiiK woodya wordW wordsY workC workingsJ wouldF wrongg wyethiaK yeara yearsw yellowP yieldsK herem you'reZ Button and Field Descriptions Choose Family Field: You can start the key at any family of your choice. Select from the complete list of families in the Key (about 100). 1 click to show list; 2 type or scroll to find which one you want; 3 click on the name to select it, or outside the field to cancel; 4 click button to start key. When there is only one genus in a family an error message is given, indicating that there is no key entry for that family. Button and Field Descriptions Technical Key Entry: This page is the entry to the dichotomous keys so beloved of botanists. There is one enormous key with about 4000 entries, built from all the separate keys in The Book. You can start at various major points in the book's "Key to Main Groups" (bottom set), or you can select an individual family or genus (top set). Key to Central Wasatch Plants: This page enables you to negotiate the key itself, having chosen a starting point previousl y. The rounded yellow box "Current Link" shows your present position in the key; above is the previous position, and to the right is the other choice that was not taken. Immediately below is the dichotomy itself. Two panels give a side-by-side comparison of options, and you choose which best fits your plant. Click the appropriate blue button to move on. More details of each button can be obtained by "Shift-Click" on it. Backtracking and Side-stepping: The top-most yellow box "Previous C accessible only if you choose "Advanced" user level. Restart Buttons: From "Key Out" First group of buttons, corresponding to those in the box in Main Menu take you to the appropriate point in the key. "Restart Family" and "Restart Genus" take you back to the start of the family or genus you were working in. Nothing happens if you are not yet working at that level. Current genus and family, if any, will be shown directly on the blue background below the small green box at top l >eft. Example: enter "1155" at bottom right of the central yellow box and click "Enter". This will set the key to the start of FABACEAE. Using "Shift-Click", navigate into a genus such as Astragalus. Then Shift-Click "Restart Genus"; and then "Restart Family"; and then "Herb. Dicots". "Shift-Click" to test button d Side-stepping: The top-most yellow box "Previous C Button and Field Descriptions Common Names: The botanical names are rigidly systematic. Common names are notoriously variable from place to place, even within a single country (or state, or county....). Some names, like "Wild Rose" are applied to many different species, even within a local area. Still, everyone knows which plants are meant, even if they can't name the species involved. Others, like the various "Golden this" and "Yellow that" in the Daisy Family (also called the Sunfl ower Family, or the Composite Family) are not descriptive enough or widely enough used to be helpful. Few "common names" listed in books are widely known, except among people with a serious interest in the plants. Common Name boxes have two ways of entering a search word: .. Click on the down arrow to see a complete list of valid entries. When the list is displayed you can either scroll to the entry, or start typing the name and the scroll will follow your typing (but will reset if you t Button and Field Descriptions Description Field: This field contains the text of the descriptions of individual species in The Book. It was not designed for this search purpose at all, and can give very surprising results. Use with caution. 1 Typing "red" in Description will find species having reduced leaves, or redolent of ..., as well as those having red flowers! 2 Words that apply to a whole genus or family are used in those descriptions and may not be included in the descriB ptions of individual species: "compound leaves" finds few legumes - they almost all have compound leaves. You will probably be better off to search by matching descriptions. he latter should be italicized or underlined, with no capital. Examples: Astragalus utahensis, Calochortus nuttallii. N.B. no capitals or underlining are needed for search entries. cal Names ower Family, or the Composite Family) are not descriptive enough or widely enough used to be helpful. Few "common names" listed in books are widely known, except among people with a serious interest in the plants. English Name boxes are given. Two of them (Genus and Family) are pop-up lists. They give the most common alternatives as separate entries but some families and genera have no common names and are not included. The "Common Name" box is too cumbersome when filled with a choice oC?f about 2000 names: just click and type part or all of a word. Habitat Button and Field Descriptions Habitat Field: This contains Arnow's brief notes about flowering time, elevation range, soil type, etc. It was not formatted for this search purpose and will not give consistent results. Use with caution. In particular, the text contains ranges of values such as "May-July" and "Valleys to midmontane". Entering "June" or "Foothills" will not find such records, even though the plants do flower then and there. You will probably be better off to search by maB tching descriptions. e major components of the mountain brush comnunity growing on otherwise open slopes are Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak), Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush), Rhus trilobata (squawbush), Rhus glabra (smooth sumac), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry). Sambucus caerulea (elderberry), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), and Holodiscus dumosus (bush oceanspray), the latter occurring chiefly on rocky ridges. Wyethia amplexicaulis (mulesear), a robust perennial herb, often dominates north-facing slopes; Balsamorhiza sagittata, a similarly robust vernal herb, is often prominent on south- or southwest-facing slopes. Chrysotharmnus nauseosus (rabbitbrush) occurs sporadically or sometimes in large populations chiefly in the wake of disturbance. Streamside vegetation in the foothills consists chiefly of Populus spp. (cottonwood), Salix spp. (willow), Acer grandidentatum (bigtooth maple), Acer negundo (boxelder), Betula occidentalis (water birch), e Book) that simultaneously satisfy all the criteria. This includes both the Word matches and the Description matches. You may be used to just hitting the "Return" or "Enter" button to start a search. This will also work here, but there are a few situations where problems can occur. It is best to use the butB#ton. "Shift-Click" to test button A Open Help Button and Field Descriptions Help/Tutorial Button: Always present, this button takes you to the Help/Tutorial program. The corresponding Return to Main button takes you to back to the main program, exactly where you left off. "Shift-Click" to test button suchP sufficiently~ suffixw suggestionsh suited sumacK summarized summary sunflower sunshinef supplementaryW supportK sure_ surface surprising] surprisingly~ survivef survivesa swampK switchU switchesF switchingx symmetricb symphoricarposK synonyms| systemB systematic\ takeA takenP takesA takes opening pageH talla tamarixK target taxonu teasedx technicalP technical entryP technically[ tectorumK telll tellsk temperatureK tendd termp terms[ testing` tetradymiaK this means that you cannot perform real searches, but only simulations. Otherwise, the Tutorial can demonstrate most of the simple functions of the main program. This can be done by holding down the "Shift" key, and then clicking the button in question. Don't release the "Shift" key too soon. Example. Hold down the "Shift" key, and click the frontispiece picture. Then try the faint button at lower right of the picture. When you are done, give any of the buttons a single click. ing with those of eastern Asia. The affinities of many of our montane plants reflect this biogeographic relationship. The richness of the flora of the Central Wasatch Front, which covers approximately 1,000 square miles, is well illustrated by a comparison of its 1,139 species with the total of 1,585 species occurring in the entire state of South Dakota, an area of slightly more than 77,000 square miles (Van Bruggen 1976). At present, a total of 92 circumboreal species extend into our range, 174 species are introduced from Eurasia, 42 from the Mediterranean region, approximately 11 from the eastern half of the U.S., with only one species (Solanum sarrachoides), known to be introduced from South America. The remaining 819 species are presumably native to North America. The dominant plant communities of the Central Wasatch Front can be more or less roughly correlated with altitude as follows: Valleys - 4,200 to 4,800 feet. The salt flats, saline meadows, and marsh Button and Field Descriptions Searching for Word Matches: This is where you enter the search request for words, mostly names. The page is simpler than it may seem initially: 1 It's not a quiz - you don't have to fill in all the boxes. In fact you are usually best off filling in just one, unless you know the exact species you're after. 2 You have a "Cancel" button. 3 The search ignores formatting such as capitals and underlines. 4 Most of the boxes offer you an alphabetical list of all the options, with scroll bar. These operate like those commonly used in "Help" menus of other applications. The list is shown when you first click in the box. You can use the scroll bar to find what you want; if you simply start typing the name the list will scroll itself. Then Click on the word of your choice to set it in the box as your search criterion for that item. 5 The boxes for "Common Name", "Description" and "Habitat" do not have lists. Simply type in a word, the s searchT search plantsq searchesU searchingZ searching matchesZ shapeb details family genus startT start descriptionsV start searchT synonyms} taxon technicalP technical keysP thumbnail thumbnail pictures thumbnails thumbnails layout timee toggle toggle layout tutorial` tutorial hints` typea planta level notes wordT 0regonK 1-1140u 1000K 10000K 11000K 1139K 1155P 1500S 1528G 1585K 1887| 1976K 1980x 2000\ 3466h 3864h 4000P 4200K 4800K listed as having either 0 petals (technically correct) or 5 petals (obviously correct) - go look at the pictures! Be conservative if you are not sure whether the plant is annual or perennial, just check "Herb", which finds both. Start with one or two categories that you are sure about; click "Search" to see how many plants are found, and then refine the search by adding new criteria. Your choices are shown by Xs, which are reversible - click again to erase. Boxes below also s how which choices have been made for names and matches (only the first entry for each): they can't be changed except to erase the whole set for starting again. Caution: Plants can vary so much that they exceed these normal ranges, especially with regard to flowering time and elevation. If a plants is blooming in October and nothing shows up that fits your other search criteria, try "September" instead of "October". When you click the Search button the computer looks for plants th A Main Menu Button and Field Descriptions Home Page Button: Almost always present, this button takes you to the Main Choices layout, which is somewhat like a "Home Page". This is the best place to start over - reset user level if you want. You can also use this menu to access a few other layouts (bottom left) that are hard to get to otherwise. The "Continue" button on the Frontispiece page also takes you to the same place, or will first take you to the "Preliminaries" page if you haven't signed iB n yet. Check Quit ype slowly). Click on the highlighted word to set it in place, or type "Return". .. Click in the box and type the start of a name. "Return" will not set your entry, but merely adds an unwanted line feed. Once you have made your choice, click the SEARCH button. List displays are linked to reduce inconsistencies: once you choose a family, only genera in that family are displayed in the genus box. It doesn't work in reverse, so putting "Daisy" in the genus box will not prevent you from p yutting "Rose" in the family box. The list of Common Names has close to 2000 entries, and is cumbersome to scroll. Use the direct typing method, which will find any word used in the list, not just the first word of a name. Hyphenated words are seen as just one: "dais" will find Ox-eye Daisy, but "eye" will not. N.B. no capitals or underlining are needed for search entries. LinkB Help 1C Help 2G You do not have to use the same type of search in both stages - you can searcB h for "Daisy Family" the first time, and then switch to look for "Blue Flowers"). Remember that the search uses all criteria from both sets and all must be satisfied. "Shift-Click" to test button Refining Searches Start Word Search Startup switch Startup switch Helvetica Geneva Verdana Textile Help 1 Help 2G Help 3 Button and Field Descriptions Refining Searches: This button takes you back to the data entry page, but keeps the existing search criteria. This allows you to modify any of them: Restrict Add a new criterion if the previous search came up with too many choices. Progressively home in on a small group. Backtrack Remove or modify a criterion if no plants are found, or if none of those found makes good sense. You do not have to use the same type of search in both stages - you can searcB h for "Daisy Family" the first time, and then switch to look for "Blue Flowers"). Remember that the search uses all criteria from both sets and all must be satisfied. t button Refining Searches Button and Field Descriptions Searching for Name Matches: This is where you enter the search request for names. The page is simpler than it may seem initially: 1 It's not a quiz - you don't have to fill in all the boxes. In fact you are usually best off filling in just one, unless you know the exact species you're after. The menus are integrated - if you select "Draba" for the genus, only those species compatible with that choice are offered. 2 You have a "Clear" button. 3 The search ignores formatting such as capitals and underlines. 4 Boxes offer you an alphabetical list of all the options, with scroll bar. These operate like those commonly used in "Help" menus of other applications. Click the arrow to show the list. You can use the scroll bar to find what you want; if you simply start typing the name the list will scroll itself. Then Click on the word of your choice to set it in the box as your search criterion for that item. 4 Searches find only plant Button and Field Descriptions Botanical Names: These boxes ("fields") are for the Latin botanical names for Genus, species (technically "specific epithet") and family. These names are part of a hierarchy of terms used to organize individual plant species into groups that try to show natural relationships. Names may change when new information is gathered, or when changes occur in the complex code for nomenclature. Family Names all end in -aceae. Most frequently I capitalize them for ad ditional emphasis, but they are not underlined. The pop-up list shown in the box also includes several of the older names that are more familiar to many people: ASTERACEAE and COMPOSITAE; APIACEAE and UMBELLIFERAE; POACEAE and GRAMINEAE for examples. Families may contain hundreds of genera, or just one. Genus ("Generic") Names should be italicized or underlined, and start with a capital. Italic fonts on computers are usually messy, so I have avoided them. A genus may contain hundreds of s Match Plant Characters Button and Field Descriptions Match Characters of Plant: "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Match Characters of Plant: This search complements the name searches. Use it to help identify a plant, rather than to find information about one whose name you know already. Plants of a single species vary, so you can have more than one entry in a category (e.g. some herbs are aquatic; some plants have flowers that may be white or blue). I have tried to strike a balance between technical correctness and common usage: for example Sea Purslane is t included. The "Common Name" box is too cumbersome when filled with a choice of about 2000 names: just click a ower Family, or the Composite Family) are not descriptive enough or widely enough used to be helpful. Few "common names" listed in books are widely known, except among people with a serious interest in the plants. English Name boxes are given. Two of them (Genus and Family) are pop-up lists. They give the most common alternatives as separate entries but some families and genera have no common names and are not included. The "Common Name" box is too cumbersome when filled with a choice oC?f about 2000 names: just click and type part or all of a word. nameD named namesF names/matches namingw narrowF narrowleafK nativeK natural[ nature nauseosusK navigateP navigationh nearP near-missesa nearlyk necessarilyP needed[ negatess negotiateP negundoK neithery nested nexta ninebarkK nomenclature[ noneU nooke normal_ normally northK north-facingK northwardK Formal Names Button and Field Descriptions Common Names: The botanical names are rigidly systematic. Common names are notoriously variable from place to place, even within a single country (or state, or county....). Some names, like "Wild Rose" are applied to many different species, even within a local area. Still, everyone knows which plants are meant, even if they can't name the species involved. Others, like the various "Golden this" and "Yellow that" in the Daisy Family (also called the Sunflnd UMBELLIFERAE; POACEAE and GRAMINEAE for examples. Families may contain hundreds of genera, or just one. Genus ("Generic") Names should be italicized or underlined, and start with a capital. Italic fonts on computers are usually messy, so I have avoided them. A genus may contain Button and Field Descriptions Habitat Field: This contains Arnow's brief notes about flowering time, elevation range, soil type, etc. It was not formatted for this search purpose and will not give consistent results. Use with caution. In particular, the text contains ranges of values such as "May-July" and "Valleys to midmontane". Entering "June" or "Foothills" will not find such records, even though the plants do flower then and there. You will probably be better off to search by maB tching descriptions. Button and Field Descriptions Show Name Button: Reveals or hides the identity of the plant in the main picture. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Frontispiece Name Button: Reveals or hides the identity of the plant in the main picture. Frontispiece Change Tutorial" to show these hints. Click "Return to Main" to get back to where you left the main program. SIMPLE BUTTONS are mostly blue with black text. They perform many functions. FIELDS are highly varied. They display data or pictures. FIELD-BUTTONS do both. Clicking many of the pictures performs an action. To Display Hints. Click on almost any button or field in the Tutorial to see a brief explanation of its function. Click in the background to hide the text box. To Test Buttons. Hold down the "Shift" key, then click and release the button in question. Don't release the "Shift" key too soon. The Tutorial lacks data so you cannot perform real searches, just simulations. Otherwise, the Tutorial can demonstrate most of the simple functi criteria and takes you to a layout where you can enter names or partial names (in English or Latin). Can also search less usefully for information about descriptions and habitats from The Book. Quite likely, at your first round of searching you will be returned to this page. Searches always find only those records that satisfy all the criteria in all the entry fields. Searching for this or that is not built inB0 to this program. "Shift-Click" to test button the st Button and Field Descriptions Tutorial Hints: This screen (layout) appears when you first open the Tutorial from the main program. It is mostly a duplicate of the "Frontispiece" layout of the main program. Identifying differences are that the background color is pale blue rather than pale green, and there is an extra button "Return to Main". Every other layout in the main program has a similar counterpart in the Tutorial also. Displaying hints. When you click on any button in the Tuto rial layouts, a brief explanation of the button's function is shown in a box. A second click in the same or any other button hides the box. For the purposes of the Tutorial many of the normal display boxes (fields) that show data or pictures, and many page titles, also behave in this way. They show and hide brief explanations of their function. Testing buttons. One major difference from the main program is that the Tutorial lacks the data upon which searches are based. For the most part Button and Field Descriptions Search by Descriptions: Takes you to a layout where you give descriptive data, and the program tries to match it with similar data derived from plant descriptions in The Book. Searches always find only those records that satisfy all the criteria in all the entry fields. Searching for "this or that" is not built in to this program. Search ble from place to place, even within a single country (or state, or county....). Some names, like "Wild Rose" are applied to many different species, even within a local area. Still, everyone knows which plants are meant, even if they can't name the species involved. Others, like the various "Golden this" and "Yellow that" in the Daisy Family (also called the Sunfl ower Family, or the Composite Family) are not descriptive enough or widely enough used to be helpful. Few "common names" listed in books are widely known, except among people with a serious interest in the plants. Common Name boxes have two ways of entering a search word: .. Click on the down arrow to see a complete list of valid entries. When the list is displayed you can either scroll to the entry, or start typing the name and the scroll will follow your typing (but will reset if you t ry inefficient way of finding plants you are interested in. You can narrow the search very rapidly by giving even small amounts of information - either textual (e.g. names or name fragments) or by matching descriptive phrases. It is a back-and-forth process in which you revise and refine earlier choices. Start with one of the buttons in the first pair , then use one from the second pair, etc. When the list of found plants is 15 or greater, you are returned to this page. Below that, the program automatically switches to present a list of the plants, from which you can directly access photographs. "Shift-Click" to test button art of FABACEAE. Using Button and Field Descriptions Plants Found: This field shows how many plants were found in the last search. When the number gets to be fairly small, you may want to click the "Show List" button so that you can browse among names and photographs. The usual format is 15 / 1193 showing how many have been found out of the total. In the Tutorial there are only 10 records total, which do not hold real data. Go Front Button and Field Descriptions Frontispiece Button: Takes you back to the starting page. "Shift-Click" to test button repensK reportn reportingm reportsw representative reproducea requestZ requiredl requiresM resetA respondo response restart restarting restarting restore restoress restoring restrictU resultM resultingK results] retaina retainsF retraceP returnP returnedS returns c epithet") and family. These names are part of a hierarchy of terms used to organize individual plant species into groups that try to show natural relationships. Names may change when new information is gathered, or when changes occur in the complex code for nomenclature. Family Names all end in -aceae. Most frequently I capitalize them for ad ditional emphasis, but they are not underlined. The pop-up list shown in the box also includes several of the older names that are more familiar to many people: ASTERACEAE and COMPOSITAE; APIACEAE and UMBELLIFERAE; POACEAE and GRAMINEAE for examples. Families may contain hundreds of genera, or just one. Genus ("Generic") Names should be italicized or underlined, and start with a capital. Italic fonts on computers are usually messy, so I have avoided them. A genus may contain hundreds of s Start Descriptions Button and Field Descriptions Start Descriptions: Clears all previous search criteria and takes you to a layout where you give descriptive data, and the program tries to match it with similar data derived from plant descriptions in The Book. Quite likely, at your first round of searching you will be returned to this page. Refine your criteria and shorten the list of plants found by using the second pair of buttons below. Searches always find only those records that satisfy all the crB|iteria in all the entry fields. Searching for "this or that" is not built in to this program. "Shift-Click" to test button clickB clickedL clickingP clicking button photograph itself climateK climaticK climbsa closeC closelyb closestd clutter code[ color` color-matchingd colored colorsd combineF comee comingh commandC command-q comments commonK common name{ common names common names entry commonlyK communicate communisK communitiesK communityK comnunityK nd click the button below it. That is the instruction to bring new choices, and so on. In this side-by-side format one can arrange and highlight to emphasize the individual points of the description. Both boxes show the same option when you reach certain "seams" in the composite key. Just click either button to continue. Special instructions will be given when you reach an end-point at a particular species. Inherent to all these forms of key conditions are especially favorable a sheltered nook in early Spring, or an exceptionally mild Fall. It Balso varies with elevation: Glacier Lilies flower in late March in City Creek Canyon, but not until late May or June in the high mountains. If your search does not come up with any good matches, try entering one month later or earlier, depending whether you think it's near the beginning or end of the flowering season. t-Click" to test button 'A Backwards Button and Field Descriptions Back-tracking: This button takes you back one step in the key. Usually, this is the place from which you have just come. Sometimes, though, more than one choice exists in the backwards direction, and the wrong one is picked. This problem will be eliminated in subsequent versions. At the very beginning there is nowhere to go backwards to. NB There are other senses in which you "go backwards" in the data base: to go backwards through a list of plants you goB to "Previous record", while to get to the previous layout page you use the Backup key "Back arrow". "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Search Button: This button is the safest way to activate the search process itself. Cyberflora finds all plants in the original database (those from The Book) that simultaneously satisfy all the criteria. This includes both the Word matches and the Description matches. You may be used to just hitting the "Return" or "Enter" button to start a search. This will also work here, but there are a few situations where problems can occur. It is best to use the butB#ton. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Family or Genus Keys: Once you have chosen a Family or Genus as your starting point, click the appropriate blue button. You will then go directly to the Key Out format, with it set at the start of the group. If both boxes have entries, you will start at the one whose button was clicked. Photo Library Button and Field Descriptions Photo Library Buttons: Choose whether you will continue to use the CD-ROM as the source of photos, or copy it to the Hard Drive. Not yet implemented Button and Field Descriptions Refining Searches: This button takes you back to the data entry page, but keeps the existing search criteria. This allows you to modify any of them: Restrict Add a new criterion if the previous search came up with too many choices. Progressively home in on a small group. Backtrack Remove or modify a criterion if no plants are found, or if none of those found makes good sense. You do not have to use the same type of search in both stages - you can searcB h for "Daisy Family" the first time, and then switch to look for "Blue Flowers"). Remember that the search uses all criteria from both sets and all must be satisfied. "Shift-Click" to test button Refining Searches Button and Field Descriptions Browsing Cards: Green or Red buttons take you to a "file card" which shows information about a plant in the data base. The format and content depend on whether you have chosen Formal or Informal ("About") cards. Which card is shown? When you are making the switch from a "List Layout" a vertical black bar shows at the left of one and only one record. This indicates the active record, and this plant will be shown when you go to file cards. In "Key Out" mode you will usually go to the record that was active when you were last in a card or list layout. It is still the active one your apparent motion through the key is really the key going past you. Your place in the main data base is unchanged. A change only happens when you reach an end-point in the key, and decide to make the jump out of the key and to a specific file card. Formal Cards (Red button): These give all the information from the book for each species. Small buttons to cactusa caeruleaK caespitosumK calendara calld called calochortus[ cameU can'tZ cancelN cancel buttonY cannot` canumy canyone canyonsK capableK capital[ capitalize[ capitalsZ cardh namek cardsk carexK carryw case| casesl categories_ category_ cattailK caution] cd-romM ceanothusK cedarK centerB centralK cercocarpusK cereumK certaina cespitosumK chanceC changeC screen` screens scrollB scrollingp scrutinized scrutiny seamsj seapurslanec searchF search buttonW search descriptionsV search nameT search plantsq searchesF searchingF searching matchesZ searching plantsF seasone secondS second optioni sectionf sedgea seduma seeda seemZ seepweedK selectF selected semicolon{ senecioK senseU sensesg sepals separateP separated{ september_ septentrionalisK seriesh seriousl serviceberryK sesuviumc Bis what can be a serious problem: you may lack the information to make a sure choice (e.g. mature fruits are often required, but it is too early in the season). This can make it essential to try both options to see where they lead. In such cases "back-tracking" and "side-stepping" allow you to do this relatively easily. Do Nothing typedy types_ typhaK typical~ typicallyK typingZ ulmusK ultimatelyK umbelliferae[ unchangedo underK underlined[ underlinesZ underlining[ understoryK unique unlessZ unrelatedC untilF unwanted\ updateh upon` upperB usage\ usedW usefulp userA notes settings usersF usesM usingP usualG usuallyB utahensis[ vacciniumK valerianaK valid\ valleyK valleysK values^ variable\ variationK ontaining the name of the "partner" card to this one. It allows you tB o check out what options would have been available if you had chosen it. Below are white boxes offering two choices the classic dichotomy (and often a classic dilemma). Blue buttons below them are your entry into the next level of the process. in the B@two central yellow buttons/boxes. "Shift-Click" to test button ping first few letters (without clicking in box); 3 Click on name to set it in window. 4 Click on "Key" button to start at that point in the key. Alternatively: 1 Type beginning of name in the box(es); 2 Click on "Key" button to start at that point in the key. If you type in more than one box, they must be compatible. Entering Names Button and Field Descriptions The Road not Taken: This is the alternative choice you didn't make at the previous step. You can switch back and forth between the two by repeated clicking "Side-stepping". Doing this gives a quick preview of what would have been next in line if you had made the alternative choice. You may decide the alternative was better. At certain "seams" in the composite key the two alternatives are not different, and there are corresponding identical pairs in the B"two central yellow buttons/boxes. +A Card Name iven when you reach an end-point at a particular species. Inherent to all these forms of key Glossary Button and Field Descriptions Glossary: Many "flora" provide a glossary of the more commonly used terms. Arnow's book deliberately uses fewer technical terms than most, but still has about 550 entries. It is available on call from those layouts which make use of technical vocabulary. To activate this feature "Click" or "Shift-Click" on the Glossary title bar, or the top part of the larger green panel. A scrolling list of the glossary terms appears, from which you make a choice in the uhoice in the u n you go to file cards. In "Key Out" mode you will usually go to the record that was active when you were last in a card or list layout. It is still the active one your apparent motion through the key is really the key going past you. Your place in the main data base is unchanged. A change only happens when you reach an end-point in the key, and decide to make the jump out of the key and to a specific file card. elevationf elevation rangef empty enter entering entering names entry familyL family genus keysL feedback finds recordss flowerb flower colord flower shapeb floweringe flowering timee formal\ formal informal formal names\ forward2 foundG frontH frontispieceD frontispiece changeE frontispiece nameD description photo gen-spec-auth genusL glossary glossary pictures frontH groupQ group keysQ habitat helpB hints` informal informal cards informationn information boxesn installation introduction buttons enter lookF plantsF lookingS looking plantsS mainA menuA match_ match characters plant_ matchesZ menuA buttons nameD describingh descriptionW description field] descriptionsA descriptions layout descriptiveS deserving| designed] destinationh destination buttonsh detailsJ diagnostic dichotomousP dichotomyk dicotsP eds of pages in the book. You may change the number in the central "Card Name" box, just by clicking and typing. Any number from 1 to 3864 will work. Suggestions: 400, 1155, 3466. At some point you reach the card for an actual plant species, and the next click reveals " "Shift-Click" to test button included a color-matching box. Choose the check-box by the color that is closest to that of your flower. Colors themselves vary, as well as the names we call them most flowers will have more than one color listed in their acceptable matches. You only have to get one. Cyberflora checks to see which plants have been included (often quite looselB y) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. shift-clicks shift-click buttonF shoreK short shortcutsC shortenV should[ showD family genus button buttonD showingG shownP showsG shows acknowledgementsI shrubsK siberianK sidef side-by-sidel side-steppingj signedA similarV similarlyK simple` simplerZ simplyZ simulatedu simulations` simultaneouslyW since single\ sitesK situation situationsW slightlyK slopesK slopesK somethingn sometimesg somewhatA soon` sourceM it'sZ italic[ italicized[ itemZ items itselfP ivesiaK joinedb jubatumK judgel juicya jumpP jumpsh junctionl june^ juniperK juniperusK june^ juniperK User Notes Button and Field Descriptions User Level: This button allows you to choose a level that is most comfortable. Presently there are two user levels, "Beg/Inter" and "Advanced". Basically, the lower level guides you away from too heavy dependence on the technical language but both levels give names in the English and Latin versions. The lower level is less complete, in that there is no convenient source of informal descriptions, as there was for the formal ones. It will come as time perB$mits. "Shift-Click" to test button the same plant. N.B. no capitals or underlining are needed for search entries. follow your typing (but will re likeA likewise\ lilacK liliese limberK limitf limited line\ line-drawings lineara lines{ linkP linked\ linksp linnaeusw listB displaysu layout button listed_ lists\ livinga lmportantK local locally locationsM longa longers loniceraK lookU lookedb lookingS looking plantsS looks_ looselya loverK low-lyingK lower` lowlandsK lyalliiK mac/pc madeP mahoganyK mainA mainlyt Group Keys Button and Field Descriptions Group Keys: Any button in this group will take you to the point in the Key corresponding to the name in the button. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Group Keys: Any button in this group will take you to the point in the Key corresponding to the name in the button. Looking for Plants g for Plants Button and Field Descriptions Credits Button: Shows acknowledgements and gives more information about the Cyberflora project. About Cyberflora Button and Field Descriptions About Cyberflora Button: Gives more details of the Cyberflora project, including some of the structure of the data base and its workings. Not yet implemented s acknowledgements and gives more information about Cyberflora ll page mode you can return to the original layout by clicking the big picture or the left arrow button. This may be any place a small photo is shown - Thumbnails, Photo Data, or About layouts. When you go to the Full Photo from the About Genus or About Family layouts the name shown will not necessarily be that of the plant in the photograph, but is that of the species from which the photo was accessed. If you move to a different card while in the photo layouts the return arrow will have lost track of where you came from, and will sgo nowhere. Just use the other navigation buttons. nores formatting such as capitals and underlines. 4 Most of the boxes offer you an alphabetical list of all the options, with scroll bar. These operate like those commonly used in "Help" menus of other applications. The list is shown when you first click in the box. You can use the scroll bar to find what you want; if you simply start typing the name the list will scroll itself. Then Click on the word of your choice to set it in the box as your search criterion for that item. 5 The boxes for "Common Name", "Description" and "Habitat" do not have lists. Simply type in a word, the s Button and Field Descriptions Options Boxes: The left and right white boxes present the two descriptive choices available at each junction in the key. This is the essence of dichotomous keys one OR the other. In traditional keys in books the choices are presented in various formats, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. But they all "direct you where to go" for the next step. The computer, in contrast, lets you tell it to "bring me information from..". At each step you ju dge whether the left or right option applies, and click the button below it. That is the instruction to bring new choices, and so on. In this side-by-side format one can arrange and highlight to emphasize the individual points of the description. Both boxes show the same option when you reach certain "seams" in the composite key. Just click either button to continue. Special instructions will be given when you reach an end-point at a particular species. Inherent to all these forms of key Button and Field Descriptions Frontispiece: Picture randomly chosen from a varied group. NB it also acts as a button to change the picture. "Shift-Click" to test button is means th lmus pumila (Siberian elm), and Tamarix spp. (salt cedar) are relatively recent introductions now well estabilished chiefly in low-lying, moist areas. Native plants dominant along streams or in relatively mesic sites in the valleys are Populus angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood), P. fremontii (Fremont's cottonwood), Salix spp. (willow), Acer negundo (boxelder), Rosa woodsii (Woods' rose), Typha latifolia (cattail), and Agrostis stolonifera (bentgrass). The upper reaches of the valley s are largely under cultivation. Foothills - 4,800 to 6,000 feet. Dry slopes are often dominated by Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), Agropyron spicatum (bluebunch wheatgrass), Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush), Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak); relatively mesic slopes in shallow canyons typically support a mixture of Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak) and Acer grandidentatum (bigtooth maple). Berberis repens (Oregon grape) and Galium aparine (bedstraw) are frequently dominant under oak. Th Button and Field Descriptions Looking for Plants: There are about 1500 species of plants in the data base. Random browsing would be a very inefficient way of finding plants you are interested in. You can narrow the search very rapidly by giving even small amounts of information - either textual (e.g. names or name fragments) or by matching descriptive phrases. It is a back-and-forth process in which you revise and refine earlier choices. Start with one of the buttons in the first pair , then use one from the second pair, etc. When the list of found plants is 15 or greater, you are returned to this page. Below that, the program automatically switches to present a list of the plants, from which you can directly access photographs. "Shift-Click" to test button Lhe plants, from which you can directly access photographs. Or you can force it to show the list of whatever length. Experienced users can directly select a whole family or genus by starting the search by name, and then homing in with a descriptive check The program retains the information from both searches until you start over. Plants Found d descriptive matches. VIEW When the list of found plants is 15 or greater, you are given a choice of adding new criteria or viewing the list. Below 15, the program automatically switches to present a list of t elevation@ family names petal petal number search@ about access@ always@ associated@ botanists button's buttons@ changing@ choices comments@ contains content context@ depending describing@ descriptions layout descriptive details didn't@ feedback@ fields finds@ from@ generously@ group habitat identify@ included informal@ information boxes@ latter left@ major@ mode@ near@ object@ only@ others@ photos@ pictures possible@ purpose@ range relate@ sake@ ther@ view@ Button and Field Descriptions Elevation Range: The program checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. This set of check-boxes lists the Elevation Ranges in which the plants are typically found. They are not absolute, and vary with soil and exposure to sunshine. Typically, plants can survive at higher elevations on the South side, rather tB han the North side of a mountain important in the steep Wasatch. If your search does not come up with any good matches, try entering one section above or below, depending whether you think it's near the lower or upper limit of its range. Button and Field Descriptions Petal Number: Do nothing if you are not sure of what the terms mean. Otherwise, click one or more buttons. The program checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. Examples: 1 many composites are included as having "Many" petals, because that is how they appear to the layman; 2 Seapurslane (SesuviumBi verrucosum, AIZOACEAE) is included as having "5" petals, as well as the technically correct "0" petals. showsG shruba shrubsK siberianK sidef side-by-sideP side-steppingP signedA similarV similarlyK simple` simplerZ simplyZ simulations` simultaneouslyW single\ sitesK situation slendera slightlyK slopesK slowly\ smallF smaller smoothK snowberryK soilK soilsK solanumK someJ somethingn sometimesK somewhatA Button and Field Descriptions Back-tracking: This button takes you back one step in the key. Usually, this is the place from which you have just come. Sometimes, though, more than one choice exists in the backwards direction, and the wrong one is picked. This problem will be eliminated in subsequent versions. At the very beginning there is nowhere to go backwards to. NB There are other senses in which you "go backwards" in the data base: to go backwards through a list of plants you goBe to "Previous record", while to get to the previous layout page you use the Backup key "Back Arrow". g and no work Destination Buttons Button and Field Descriptions Destination Buttons: Once you have made a choice between the two white "Options Boxes", click one or other of these "Destination Buttons" to implement it. Cyberflora then brings information from various places to update the display. For illustration I have included tiny numbers at bottom right of the five navigation buttons on this page. They indicate where in the Master Key file the information is coming from. As you make a choice ("Shift + Click" in t he Tutorial), note how the numbers change often incrementally, but sometimes in big leaps that correspond to a jump of hundreds of pages in the book. You may change the number in the central "Card Name" box, just by clicking and typing. Any number from 1 to 3864 will work. Suggestions: 400, 1155, 3466. At some point you should reach the card for an actual plant species, and the next click reveals "Show Description and Photos" in the box. Clicking on this jumps you to the card describi Button and Field Descriptions Keying Out: This button takes you first to a page where you choose a starting point in the big technical key. From there you go to the "Key Out" page, which is intended for "Advanced" users because the botanical language gets very technical. User Level loides (aspen), and to a lesser extent, Abies concolor (white fir), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), and Pinus flexilis (limber pine). Low shrubs commonly forming the understory in wooded areas are Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), Berberis repens (0regon grape), Vacci Button and Field Descriptions Botanical Names: These boxes ("fields") are for the Latin botanical names for Genus, species (technically "specific epithet") and family. These names are part of a hierarchy of terms used to organize individual plant species into groups that are intended to represent natural relationships. Names may change when new information is gathered, or when changes occur in the complex code for nomenclature. Family Names all end in -aceae. Most frequently I capitali ze them for additional emphasis, but they are not underlined. The pop-up list shown in the box also includes several of the older names that are more familiar to many people: ASTERACEAE and COMPOSITAE; APIACEAE and UMBELLIFERAE; POACEAE and GRAMINEAE for examples. Families may contain hundreds of genera, or just one. Genus ("Generic") Names should be italicized or underlined, and start with a capital. Italic fonts on computers are usually messy, so I have avoided them. A genus may contain Button and Field Descriptions Search Button: This button activates the search process itself. Cyberflora finds all plants in the original database (those from The Book) that simultaneously satisfy all the criteria. This includes both the Word matches and the Description matches. Supplementary species added do not yet have the criteria entered to allow matching of characters. You may be used to just hitting the "Return" or "Enter" button to start a search. This doesn't work here. A Open Help Group Keys Button and Field Descriptions Destination Buttons: Once you have made a choice between the two white "Options Boxes", click one or other of these "Destination Buttons" to implement it. Cyberflora then brings information from various places to update the display. For illustration, in the Tutorial I have included tiny numbers at bottom right of the five navigation buttons on this page. They indicate where in the Master Key file the information is coming from. As you make a choice ("Sh ift + Click" in the Tutorial), note how the numbers change often incrementally, but sometimes in big leaps that correspond to a jump of hundreds of pages in the book. You may change the number in the central "Card Name" box, just by clicking and typing. Any number from 1 to 3864 will work. Suggestions: 400, 1155, 3466. At some point you should reach the card for an actual plant species, and the next click reveals "Show Description and Photos" in the box. Clicking on this jumps you to associatedK associationK asteraceae[ astragalusP atriplexK attribute attribute boxes augmentedK australisK authorw authors| authorship| automaticallyS availablek averageK avoida avoided[ backB back-and-forthS back-tracking backgroundP backtrackU backupg backwardsg balsamorhizaK baseJ based` basic basically m species". Technical Keys Button and Field Descriptions Technical Keys: From "Main Choices" or "Technical Keys" These buttons lead to the dichotomous keys so beloved of botanists. There is one enormous key with about 4000 entries, built from all the separate keys in The Book. You can start at various major points in the book's "Key to Main Groups" (bottom set), or you can select an individual family or genus (top set). Such keys are indispensable for experts, but can be quite daunting to others. They are ve the most common alternatives as separate entries but some families and genera have no common names and are not included. The "Common Name" box is too cumbersome when filled with a choice of sample record@ sual way by clicking on one. An explanation of the term appears immediately in the space just below the term itself, and a ".. pictures " indicator will show below the text box. The Book's glossary has a very useful set of line drawings, which automatically appear at the bottom of the "Glossary" panel when present. Behind the scenes in Cyberflora are links to the library of photographs when appropriate. If these are present, clicking on the ".. pictures " indicator will display the fir bst of them immediately, and the indicator will change to ".. more ". A second click displays a full page format where all pictures are shown at larger scale. In that page, clicking ".. back " returns you to the layout from which you came. To hide the Glossary, simply click (Shift-Click) again on the area which opened it. "Shift-Click" to test button opriate. If these are present, clicking on the ".. pictures " indicator will display the fir togethert toggle toggle layouts button top-mostP totalG totallya track traditionall trained~ transiently treatedK treea tremuloidesK tridentataK tried_ triesV trilobataK trunka trying| tubeb tubularb tutorialG tutorial hints` tutorial'sh twininga two-yeara typeN planta Button and Field Descriptions Flower Shape: Do nothing if you are not sure of what the terms mean. Otherwise, click one or more buttons. For example, although a flower may appear to have separate petals, they are sometimes joined into a tube lower down. Round: Looked at face-on, the shape is circular. "Radially symmetric" is a better description. Irregular: Looked at face-on the flower is 2-sided, the way a face is. "Bilaterally symmetric" is a better description. Petals Free / Joine d: Petals may be obviously separate (e.g. roses, buttercups and mustards), or joined at the base into a cup (e.g. Bindweed, Scarlet Gilia). Petals Tubular: Petals are joined, and form a relatively narrow tube, as in penstemons. It is important to look closely - flowers of the bean family have separate petals, but sometimes appear to be tubular. The program checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very gene cies). mbered list are individu display the firs majorK majority} makeh makesU malvaceusK manyG mapleK marche marginal marksY marshesK masterh matchV match characters plant_ matchesW matchingS maturel may-july^ meadowsK meanK means` meant\ mediterraneanK members mentioned menuA menusZ menziesiiK merely merging| mertensiaK mesicK messy[ midmontaneK migrationK milde milesK mindC buttons miniatureq minimalx misidentified misspellingZ mixtureK mostZ mostlyZ motiono mountainf mountainsK mouse-click moving Changing Records Button and Field Descriptions Changing Records: You can move backwards and forwards in the current group of records (either the whole set, or those found in the last search). The "Previous" and "Next" buttons are used for this. Usually the layout remains the same, but if you are in "Full Page" layout it switches back to "Thumbnails" for simpler keeping track of where you are. Specifically, the buttons do not shift you from one picture to the next within the group of six. You can do thBlis using the miniature buttons in the left panel of the "Full Page" layout. "Shift-Click" to test button alwaysA amarellaK amelanchierK americaK americanaK amongG amountsS amplexicaulisK androsaceK angustifoliaK annualK annuus anotherk antelopeK antennariaK backB back-and-forthS backgroundP backtrackU baseJ based` becauseX beena beginnerR behave` belovedP belowP bestW better] binomial[ blockedK blueL bookP book'sP books\ botanicalX that the background color is pale blue rather than pale green, and there is an extra button "Return to Main". Every other layout in the main program has a similar counterpart in the Tutorial also. Displaying hints. When you click on any button in the Tuto rial layouts, a brief explanation of the button's function is shown in a box. A second click in the same or any other button hides the box. For the purposes of the Tutorial many of the normal display boxes (fields) that show data or pictures, and many page titles, also behave in this way. They show and hide brief explanations of their function. Testing buttons. One major difference from the main program is that the Tutorial lacks the data upon which searches are based. For the most part Button and Field Descriptions Frontispiece Button: Takes you back to the opening page. Acknowledgements Button and Field Descriptions Acknowledgements Button: Shows acknowledgements "Shift-Click" to test button o the starting page. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Plants Found: This field shows how many plants were found in the last search. When the number gets to be fairly small, you may want to click the "Show List" button so that you can browse among names and photographs. The usual format is 15 / 1528 showing how many have been found out of the total. In the Tutorial there are only 10 records total, which do not hold real data. e total. In the Tutorial there are only 10 records total, which do not hold real data. t for starting the search process. gram is that the Tutorial contains no real data of its own. For the most part this means th helps herbK herbaceousK herbs_ hereK hidden hide` hidesD hiding hiding restoring records hierarchy[ highe higherK highestK highlightl highlighted\ highly hints` hittingW holdG holding` holodiscusK homeA button choices pageA homingF honeysuckleK hordeumK horizontal horsebrushK horticultural however huckleberryK hundreds[ hyemalisK hyphenated ideaF ideas identicalj identification identify_ identifying` identityD ignoresZ illustratedK illustrationh illustrationso image leftA legumes] lemmoniiK lessK lesserK letsl levelA levels libraryM lightu likeA likelyT likewise{ lilacK liliese limberK limitf limited linej line-drawings lines{ linku linksp linnaeusw listG layout button listed\ listsZ lisyr littlet lmportantK local\ locally long| longers loniceraK lookF plants buttonF lookingS looking plantsS looselya loverK low-lyingK lower` lowlandsK lyalliiK mac/pc madeh mahoganyK mainA mainlyt starting search processF s that are compatible with ALL 12 criteria for names and descriptive matches. A box shows concurrent match searches. Clear these if you want to - you can't edit them without going to the match layout. @ and no work Botanical Names whereB wherebyY whetherM whichA which showno whileZ whiteK wholeZ whoseL wideK widely\ wild\ willA willowK winterfatK withK within\ without woodedK woodsK woodsiiK wordT wordsY workC workingP workingsJ wouldS wrongg wyethiaK yearsw yellowP technicalP technical keysP technically[ tectorumK telll tellsk temperatureK tendd termp terms[ testB testing` tetradymiaK textY textualS thanC thatA that'sC usedW usefullyT userA level buttonsK usesU usingP usuallyZ variedE variesX variousP versionX versionsC veryS voidedC wantG wereG whatZ whenG informal informal cards informationS inherentl initial initiallyZ input{ installation installation hints instance insteadh instructionl instructionsl instructive| intended[ interX interest\ interestedS interpreteda intoK introducedK introductionK introduction areaK introductionsK involucrataK involved\ iodinebushK irrelevant islandK it'sZ italic[ italicized[ itemZ items changingu changing records character characters_ cheatgrassK checkY check-boxd check-boxese checksa chicZ chichoryZ chicoryZ chieflyK choiceN choicesA chokecherryK chooseM choose family fieldN choose genus fieldO choosing chosenE chronological chrysothamnusK chrysotharmnusK circumborealK citye classick classificationw clearY clearly clearsT clickG clickedL clicking` climateK climaticK closeC closestd clutter code[ color` color-matchingd colorsd comee comfortable comingh commandC command-q doesn'tC don'tX doneZ downR pop-up@ repens@ reveals@ screen@ search descriptions sesuvium shows@ soon@ strictly such@ text@ that's@ these@ basic features@ that's@ these@ set-up setsU several[ shadscaleK shallowK shapeb shareu shared shelterede shift` shift-clickB shortcutsC shortenV should[ showD buttonX buttonD showingG shownP showsG shows acknowledgementsI sidef side-by-sidel side-steppingj similarV simple` simplerZ simplyZ simulatedu simulations` simultaneouslyW single\ situation situationsW smallG smaller soil^ someC somethingn sometimesg soon` sourceM haveG haven'tA having] headert heavy helianthus helpZ help/tutorialB help/tutorial buttonB helpful\ helps herbK herbaceousK hereK hidden hide` hidesD hierarchy[ highe higherK highestK highlightl highly hints` hittingW holdG holding` holodiscusK homeA buttonA honeysuckleK hook| hordeumK horsebrushK horticultural however| huckleberryK hundreds[ hyemalisK ideay identicalj identification include| eacha earlierS earlye easier easilyl easternK economic edaphicK editionx eitherK elaboratet elaeagnusK elderK elderberryK elevation^ elevation rangef elevationsf eliminatedg eliminatinga elsek elsewhere emphasis[ emphasizel emphasizes empty encompassesK encounteredK end-pointl endangered engelmannK engelmanniiK englishT enormousP enough\ enterP entered entering^ entering names entireK entriesL entryT epilobiumK epithet[ equallyK eraseY erigeronK error erysimumK especiallye essencel essentiall estabilishedK neare near-missesa nearlyk needed[ negundoK neithery never| nexth ninebarkK nomenclature[ noneU nooke normal` normally northK north-facingK northwardK implemented noteh notes^ nothingP nothing happens these simply report where notoriously\ nowhereg numberG numberedu numbersh numerousK nuttallii[ occurW occurringK occursK relatex related relationshipK relationships[ relativelyK relay release` relyd remain remainingK remains rememberU remembers remind remindersZ removeU render~ renders~ repeatedj repensK reportn reportingm reportsw represent[ reproduce reproduces requestZ requiredl resetA respects restartP restarting restarting restore restoress restrictU resultingK results] returnB returnedS returnsp revealsD reviseS revision| rhusK ribesK richnessK ridgesK rightP rigidw rigidly\ roadj robustK rockK rockyK rosaK roseK roughlyK roundT routeK rubusK rulesw runningC russianK sacatonK safestW sagebrushK sagittataK satisfiedU buttonsM buttons/boxesj caeruleaK caespitosumK calld called\ calochortus[ cameU can't\ cana| cancelN cancel buttonY cannot` canumy canyone canyonsK capableK capital[ capitalize[ capitalsZ cardh namek cardsk carexK carryw casesl categorya cattailK caution] cd-romM ceanothusK cedarK centralK cercocarpusK cereumK certainj cespitosumK chanceC changeC changed| changes[ onlyC openC openedp opening opensv operateZ operationh opinion| optioni optionsZ options boxesl oquirrhK orderK orderedu oregonK oreophilusK organize[ orientedt originalW otherA pointL pointsP pop-up[ presentA previousT probablyY problemsW processF programB progressivelyU projectJ prominentlyX purpose] quitC buttonC quiteP quittingC quizZ radioK randomS randomlyE range^ ranges^ rapidlyS ratherC recordsT redolent] reduced] refineS refiningU takenj three layouts about species about genus about their` themU themselvesd thenL thereG thereforey theseP thetq theyP thimbleberryK triesV tutorialQ tutorial hints` typeN planta typicallyf typingZ umbelliferae[ underlined[ underlinesZ piecemeal pineK pinusK placeA placesh plainn plantD plant'sF plantsF plants foundG plural poaceae[ pointL pointsP polifoliaK pointsP polifoliaK mentioned elsewhere descriptions given individual asiaK aside aspenK asperumK assigned[ assignment associatedK associationK aster\ asteraceae[ astragalusP atriplexK attachedB attribute attributes augmentedK australisK authorw automaticallyF availableB averageK avoida avoided[ backH back-and-forthF eurasiaK eurotiaK evenK eveningy eventually everyC everybody| everyone\ everythingk exactZ exactlyB exampleP examples[ exceptK exceptionallye exchanges existingU existsg expectede expertsP explaineda explanation` explanations` exposuref expressed| extendK extendsK extentK extra` fabaceaeP factZ faint` fairlyG fakeh falle familar| familiar[ familiesN familyL family genus keysL favorablee featurep features field-buttons updateh upon` upperK usedW usefulp usefullyT userA level usersr usesU usingP usualG usuallyC utahensis[ vacciniumK valerianaK validw valleyK valleysK values^ variable\ variationK variedE variese variety variousP varyd vegetationK velutinusK veriety} vermiculatusK vernalK verrucosumc versionq versionsg verticalo veryS weakerw wealth~ welcome well] wereG whatZ whenG whenever brief^ brightness bringl bringsh broad broadly bromusK broomK brought browseG browsingF browsing cardso bruggenK brushK builtP bulrushK bushK buttercupsb buttonA descriptionF description field] descriptionsA descriptions layout descriptiveF deserving| designed] desired destinationh destination buttonsh detailedo detailsB diagnostic dichotomousP dichotomyP didn'tj differ difference` differences` differentF dilemmak directl directiong together@ typed@ varied@ which@ window@ your@ your@ othersP otherwiseA outsideN overA pachistimaK pageA pagesh pairS pairsj pale` panelp panicr parameters part[ partialT particular^ partnerk partsK parviflorusK pasto peaksK pedigreew pendulum| people[ perennialK perform` performs perhaps~ permits petalc petal numberc petalsc petrophytumK phloxK photoM photo button photo layout photo library buttonsM photograph photographsG prominentlyX providep purpose] purposes` question` quickj quitC buttonC quiteP anythingY anywherey aparineK apartx apiaceae[ apparento appearK appears` applicationsZ applied\ appliesl apply] appropriateL appropriatelyr approximatelyK arabisK arbitraryw arbusculaK areaK areasK arenariaK arnow{ arnow's^ arrangel arranged arrowg artemisiaK mentioned elsewhere descriptions given individual asiaK aspenK asperumK assigned[ oundP backtrackU backwardsg baseJ based` basic basic features shows technical descriptions arnow's bookx thlaspiK thoseK though^ threeu three descriptions brought together layout those throughB throughout thrown thumbnailv thumbnail pictures thumbnailst thumbnails buttont thumbnails layout timberlineK timeU tinyh titleB titles` traditionall trained~ treatedK tremuloidesK tridentataK tried_ triesV southK southwest-facingK spacep speciall speciesK specific[ specifically spicataK spicatumK spiraeaK sporadicallyK sporobolusK springe springsK spruceK squareK squawbushK stackk stagesU stallZ standsK startA start descriptionsV start searchT started startingF stateK status staying steepf stellariaK stepg still\ stoloniferaK streamsK streamsideK stretchingK structureJ suaedaK subalpineK sufficiently~ suffixw suggestionsh sumacK summarized sunflower\ sunshinef supportK surea surface surprising] surprisingly~ survivef swinging| switchR switchesS switchingx red-berriedK red-osierK redolent] reduce\ reduced] reedK referenced refineF refinements refiningU refining searchesU reflectK regard_ regarded regionK registration regrowsa regular reinsert reinstall reinterpretation relatex relatedC relationshipK relationships[ relativelyK relay release` relyd remain remainingK remains rememberU remembers remindA removeU removing render~ renders~ repeatedj presentative reproduce requestZ requiredl requiresM resetA respondo response restartr restarting restarting restore restoress restoring restrictU resultM resultingK results] retainsF retraceP returnP returnedS returnsp where@ years 3864@ access@ alternative@ appears mentioned elsewhere descriptions given individual@ back-tracking@ beginning best@ brief@ button field descriptions@ buttons changed@ click@ comments compact@ constitute correlated@ description@ designed directly@ don't@ encountered@ experts@ fields@ flowers format formatted function@ greater@ helps@ illustration immediately@ include initially@ instance it's@ just@ leaves@ like@ major@ mean@ naming north northward@ ones@ ones@ ones@ ones@ panels@ accessA accessibleP aceae[ acerK acknowledgementsI acknowledgements buttonI acording action activateW activeo actsE actualh addedu additional[ addsw advancedP advantagesl affinitiesK afterZ againp againstn agree| agreed| agropyronK agrostisK airoidesK aizoaceaec albicaulis alderK alkaliK alkaligrassK allenrolfeaK allottedt allowl allowsU almostA alnifoliaK alnusK alongK alphabeticalZ alphabetically alpineK already| alsoA alternativej alternative names synonyms} alternatives\ althoughK altitudeK altitudesK didn'tj differ difference` differences` different\ dilemmak directl directiong directlyL disadvantagesl disagreement} display` displayedt displaying` displaysp distichlisK distinguishes disturbanceK diversityK doese doesn'tC dogwoodK doingj dominantK dominatedK dominatesK don'tZ doneZ douglasK down` drabaK dramaticK drawingsp driveM dumosusK duplicate` dwarfK bearberryK became| becauseZ becomeK becomingw bedstrawK beenG beg/intert beginninge behave` behindp being| belovedP belowP bentgrassK berberisK bestA better] betulaK betweenh bigtoothK bilberryK binomial[ biogeographicK birchK bitterbrushK blacko blankr blueK bluebunchK bookP book'sP books\ borderngK botanical[ botanical names[ botanist~ botanistsP bothL bottomA thoseK though^ threeu three descriptions brought together layout those throughg throughout thrown thumbnailv thumbnail pictures thumbnailst thumbnails buttont thumbnails layout timberlineK timeU tinyh titlep titles` toenailt typeN planta typedy typicallyf typingZ ultimatelyw umbelliferae[ unchangedo under| underlined[ underlinesZ underlining[ undoess unlessZ photosM phragmitesK phrasesS physocarpusK piceaK pickedg pickleweedK pictureD picture countv pictures` pictures about series layouts complementary piecemeal pineK pinusK placeA placesh plainn plantD plantsF plants foundG plural poaceae[ pointL pointsP polifoliaK pop-up[ populationsK populusK problemsW processF programB progressivelyU projectJ prominentlyX proposed| providep purpose] purposes` question` quickj quitC buttonC quiteP quittingC quizZ radioK ord, below FAMILY. Try changing it to any mumber up to 1528. This brings in the corrseponding data from the ma parameters parasitea paricularu parry'sd part[ partialT particularP particularly partnerP partsK parviflorusK pasto pathP peaksK pedigreew penstemonsb people[ perennialK perform` performs perhaps~ permits petalc petal numberc petals_ petrophytumK phloxK photoM photo button photo layout photo library photo buttonsM photograph photographsF photosh phragmitesK phrasesF physocarpusK piceaK pickP pickedg pickleweedK picsp pictureD picture countv pictures_ pictures about series layouts complementary In "Key Out" mode you will usually go to the record that was active when you were last in a card or list layout. It is still the active one your apparent motion through the key is really the key going past you. Your place in the main data base is unchanged. A change only happens when you reach an end-point in the key, and decide to make the jump out of the key and to a specific file card. iving credit to deserving botanists, but gives clear information as to exactly which plants are being included. This particular plant is instructive, because there are two Authors listed. In 1887, E. Greene proposed that various similar plants that had been known by different names be brought together in a s ingle species, which he named "Zauschneria cana". Other species of Zauschneria were already known. Subsequently, nearly 100 years later, P.H. Raven proposed that all Zauschneria species be included within the genus Epilobium. In doing so their names would have to changed because Epilobium was described earlier. The new name became Epilobium canum. The authorship is then expressed as "(Greene) Raven". However ..... Not everybody had agreed with Greene's creation of "Zauschneria cana", nor ight. Clicking on this takes you to the thumbnails display layout. You can also use the "Thumbnails" button in the header, but be sure to check which record is the active one (black vertical bar at far left). File Card Modes: Advanced users see a more elaborate "Thumbnails" button like a picture frame in the left control bar. Plain green means there are no photos to see, while a "little toenail" picture means there is at least one. Beg/Inter users see a simple "Thumbnails" button in the C&footer. "Shift-Click" to test button far r immediatelyC impenetrable~ implementh implementedJ implicitlyh importance importantC improve incanaK inchesK includea included] includesW includingJ incomplete~ inconsistencies\ inconsistentd increase increasingK incrementallyh indexing{ indicateh indicateso indicatingN individualP inefficientF inertia| informalF informal cards informationB information boxesn inherentl initial findsW firechalicex firstA fiveh flatsK flexilisK floraK flower^ flower colord flower shapeb flowering^ flowering timee flowersU followingK followsK fonts[ footert foothillsK forget formal| formal description~ formal informal buttons formal name| formatG formatsl formatted^ formattingZ formedK formingK formsl forthj forwards foundG foxtailK fragmentsS framet framest fremont'sK fremontiiK frequentlyK goingo golden\ goodU gramineae[ greaterS greenP groupE group keysQ groupsP derived, the list of plants from the original book is ordered in a hierarchy Family>Genus>Species. Other species have been added as encountered and given a definitive "taxon" number which acts as the link to share information between files. Species listed in the book are numbered 1-1140. In Tutorial list displays the "Taxon" number is shown (light green box) for each simulated record, below FAMILY. Try changing it to any mumber up to 1528. This brings in the corrseponding data from the maC in "Wasatch Species" file. isplays the "Taxon" number is shown in a light green box for each simulated record, below FAMILY. Try changing it to any mumber up to 1528. This brings in t Button and Field Descriptions Data from "The Book": This page shows the technical descriptions from Arnow's book, teased apart into various components such as "Genus" "species" "FAMILY", etc. To see a view showing how these fields relate to the way they appear in the book, use "Shift + Click". This layout will also identify the individual components of the data. To see how the information varies among plants, just type a different number in the red "Taxon" box in either page. On switcB hing to the other layout a particular plant (Firechalice) is shown, because it contains something in every field. Only minimal information is present for species which were not described in the 1980 edition of the book. main "Wasatch Species fromC choices technical keysP frontK frontispieceA frontispiece buttonH fruitsl fullp description photo full-page fully function` functions` fundamental galiumK gambelK gambeliiK gardneriK garrettii} gathered[ generaO generalK generallyK generic[ cies-author} getsG getting giveV given\ givesC givingS glacialK glaciere glitchesY glossarya glossary pictures goingo golden\ goodU gramineae[ greatK greaterS greenP greene| greene's| groupE Button and Field Descriptions Cancel Button: When you decide not to continue with a search, this button will clear all entries and return you to the "Looking for Plants" layout from which you probably came. The program may have occasional glitches whereby you are left in "Find Words" or "Find Match" layouts with text or check marks showing in the entry boxes: click "Cancel" immediately, and do not erase anything. Searching for Name Matches he author(s) in this context is often a whole pedigree: ultimately it means the people whose classification and naming are preferred by the author of the flora. There are rigid rules of priority, and weaker ones of consensus which prevent this from becoming arbitrary. Many species carry the simple suffix L, indicating that the name given byBv Linnaeus over 200 years ago is still the valid one. N.B. no capitals or underlining are needed for search entries. itselfW ivesiaK jubatumK judgel jumph jumpsh junctionl june^ juniperK juniperusK justW kalmiaK keeping keepsU buttons keyboardC keying keying keysL knowZ knownK knows\ kochiaK lackl lacks` lakeK lanataK language~ largeK largelyK largerp lasiocarpaK lastG latee latere latifoliaK latinT latterK laurelK laymanc layoutA layoutsA leadP leapsh learny leastt leaves] ledifoliusK Cancel Button and Field Descriptions Cancel Button: When you decide not to continue with a search, this button will clear all entries and return you to the "Looking for Plants" layout from which you probably came. The program has occasional glitches whereby you are left in "Find Words" or "Find Match" layouts with text or check marks showing in the entry boxes: click "Cancel" immediately, and do not erase anything. "Shift-Click" to test button e species, which he named "Zauschneria cana". Other species of Zauschneria were already known. Subsequently, nearly 100 years later, P.H. Raven proposed that all Zauschneria species be included within the genus Epilobium. In doing so their names would have to changed because Epilobium was described earlier. The new name became Epilobium canum. The authorship is then expressed as "(Greene) Raven". However ..... Not everybody had agreed with Greene's creation of "Zauschneria cana", nor Button and Field Descriptions Information Boxes: Nothing happens. These simply report where you are in the key. There should always e something in the green box. Plain type against the blue background appears when you reach a family or genus key. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Information Boxes: Nothing happens. These simply report where you are in the key. There should always e something in the green box. Plain type against the blue background appears when you reach a family or genus key. Empty Book Common Button and Field Descriptions Common Name: This field shows the Common Name listed in Arnow. In the book, when more than one is listed, they are separated by a semicolon, as shown here. In the computer files they have been put on separate lines to help indexing, and only the first is visible in this layout. Some of the other common names that I have encountered are likewise on separate lines, and do not show in this layout. They can still be searched in the input box. Book Formal and Field Descriptions Formal Name: The whole formal name alternativej alternative names synonyms} alternativelyP alternatives\ althoughK altitudeK altitudesK alwaysA amarellaK amelanchierK americaK americanaK amongG amountsF amplexicaulisK and/or androsaceK angustifoliaK annualK annuus anotherk antelopeK antennariaK @lds, first click anywhere in the background (to clear this box), and then click the name. To see how the information varies among plants, just type a different number in the red "Taxon" box in either page. Other plants may lack one or more fields, and the typed information may therefore not match the layout exactly. satisfyT scalep scenesp scirpusK scopariumK scopulinaK scratch screen` scrollN scroll-down scrollingp scrutinized scrutiny seamsj seapurslanec searchF search buttonW search plantsq searched{ searchesT searchingT searching matchesZ seasone secondS second optioni sectionf seemZ seepweedK selectN selected semicolon{ senecioK senseU sensesg separateP separated{ septentrionalisK seriesh serious\ serviceberryK sesuviumc Button and Field Descriptions Alternative Names - Synonyms: As will be clear from the "Genus-species-Author" button, there is often a lot of disagreement about exactly how to name a plant. When more than one name is current the most common synonyms are included here, along with their author(s). Complexities of formal naming are deepened here: when Zauschneria is accepted as the genus, some botanists consider "our plant" as a species in its own right "Zauschneria garrettii". A majority BDconsider it a variety of the older species "Zauschneria latifolia". he other layout a particular plant (Firechalice) is shown, because it contains something in every field. Only minimal information is present for species which were not described in the 1980 edition of the book. Button and Field Descriptions Picture Count: This is both a field, showing the number of pictures available for the plant, and a button which opens the "Thumbnail" display of those pictures. Pics Count changing it to any mumber up to 1528. This brings in the corrseponding data from the ma part or all of a word. Searches will work when you enter any word in the list, not just the first one of a name ("dais" will find Ox-eye daisy). But a hyphen makes the second term invisible: "eye" will not find the same plant. N.B. no capitals or underlining are needed for search entries. r scroll to the entry, or start typing the name and the scroll will follow your typing (but will re fieldsB fileM filemakerC filesC fillZ fillingZ findB recordss findingF findsW finishedA firechalicex firstA fitsP fiveh flatsK fleshya flexibleF flexilisK floraK flower^ flower colord flower shapeb flowering^ flowering timee flowersU folder follow\ followeda followingK followsK fonts[ footert foothillsK forceF forget formb formalo formal description~ formal informal buttons formal names| formatG initiallyM insett installationM installation hints instance instead_ instructionl instructionsl integratedZ intendedr interest interestedF interpreteda intoK introducedK introductionK introduction areaK introductionsK involucrataK involved iodinebushK irregularb irrelevant islandK button change pictureE ivesiaK jubatumK judgel jumpP jumpsh junctionl june^ juniperK format formatsl formatted^ formattingZ formedK formingK formsl forthj forward forwards foundF foxtailK fragmentsF framest freeb fremont'sK fremontiiK frequentlyK fromC frontK frontispieceA frontispiece buttonH frontispiece buttonD fruitsl fullt description photo full-page full-sized fullyJ whichA whichever while\ whiteK wholeF whoseL wideK widely willA willowK winterfatK withA within\ withoutZ woodedK woodsK woodsiiK wordW wordsY workC workingsJ wouldF wrongg wyethiaK yearsw yellowP yieldsK filling in just one, unless you know the exact species you're after. 2 You have a "Cancel" button. 3 The search ignores formatting such as capitals and underlines. 4 Most of the boxes offer you an alphabetical list of all the options, with scroll bar. These operate like those commonly used in "Help" menus of other applications. The list is shown when you first click in the box. You can use the scroll bar to find what you want; if you simply start typing the name the list will scroll itself. Then Click on the word of your choice to set it in the box as your search criterion for that item. 5 The boxes for "Common Name", "Description" and "Habitat" do not have lists. Simply type in a word, the s ium canum ("Firechalice") of the Evening Primrose family. Neither the English nor the Latin family names appear on the record, because the records are all grouped within the family. This record was chosen because it contains information in every field, and gives a better idea of how things appear in the book. To learn about the individual fi 6elds, first click anywhere in the background (to clear this box), and then click the name. To see how the information varies among plants, just type a different number in the red "Taxon" box in either page. Other plants may lack one or more fields, and the typed information may not match the layout exactly. Button and Field Descriptions "Taxon": Taxon (plural "taxa") denotes a rank in classification, which includes not only species, but larger and smaller groupings. e.g. The family ASTERACEAE is a taxon, within which are many genera such as Helianthus and Chrysothamnus. Each genus is itself a taxon, within which are many other taxa such as the species Helianthus annuus and the variety Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. albicaulis. Almost all the taxa included in the numbered list are individu 1al species. Among those added to the basic list, however, are several genera. Sometimes it is not possible to identify a plant all the way to species level, and one has to tbe content with "Epilobium species". "Shift-click" on the Taxon button to change the number and view other taxa (mostly species). species". "Shift-click" on the Taxon button to change the number and view other taxa (mostly species). offerZ offeredZ offeringk oftenK older[ oliveK omitted~ onceL onesK onlyC openC openingH opensv operateZ operationh optioni optionsP options boxesl oquirrhK orderK orderedu oregonK oreophilusK organize[ orientedt originalW originalW theseM these buttons restart keying process these directly descriptive cards these boxes allow enter family genus thetq theyB thimbleberryK thing thingsy thinke thisA button takes directly layout which button takes preliminaries carry field shows common listed arnow book{ entry dichotomous beloved treatedK tremuloidesK tridentataK tried_ triesV Descriptions Layout Button and Field Descriptions Descriptions Layout: As mentioned elsewhere the descriptions given for individual species omit much information that is common to all species in the same genus or family. Such information is included in the book at the beginning of each level of the hierarchy. This layout brings the three descriptions together so that a plant can be more fully scrutinized. "Shift-Click" to test button 3864h 4000P 4200K 4800K 6000K 75-80t 77000K 9000K abiesK aboutF about cyberflora buttonJ about about layouts aboveK above-grounda abruptK absolutef acceptabled accepted} leaves] leaving ledifoliusK leftA left-modtu left-most legumes] lemmoniiK lengthF lessB lesserK letsP letters levelA libraryM license lifea ewise{ lilacK liliese limberK limitf linej line-drawings lines{ linkP linksp linnaeusw listB displaysu layout button listed\ lists\ lmportantK local\ locally locationsM long| longers loniceraK lookU lookingS looking plantsS looks_ looselya loverK low-lyingK lower` lowlandsK lyalliiK mac/pc madeP mahoganyK mainA mainlyt contextw continueA contrastl controlC control-q convenient copyM corner cornusK correctc correlatedK correspondh correspondingB corrsepondingu cottonwoodK countv counterpart` countiesK country\ county\ cover coveredK coversK creation| credit| creeke criteriaT criterionU cultivationK cumbersome\ currantK currentP currently cyberfloraC daisyU dakotaK dandel darker dataG bookx databaseW dauntingP davisK decideY decreasesK decreasingK deepened} definitiveu deliberatelya demonstrate` denotes denoting[ dependo dependence dependinge derivedV describe describedx directlyF disadvantagesl disagreement| displayB displayed\ displaying` displays\ distichlisK distincta distinguishes disturbanceK diversityK doddera doesP doesn'tC dogwoodK doingj dominantK dominatedK dominatesK Button and Field Descriptions "Taxon": Taxon (plural "taxa") denotes a rank in classification, which includes not only species, but larger and smaller groupings. e.g. The family ASTERACEAE is a taxon, within which are many genera such as Helianthus and Chrysothamnus. Each genus is itself a taxon, within which are many other taxa such as the species Helianthus annuus and the variety Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. albicaulis. Almost all the taxa included in the numbered list are individuB al species. Among those added to the basic list, however, are several genera. Sometimes it is not possible to identify a plant all the way to species level, and one has to tbe content with "Epilobium species". Taxon back-tracking background` backtrackU backtrackingP backupg backwardsg balance_ balsamorhizaK baseF based` basic beanb bearberryK becausec becomeK becomingw bedstrawK beenG beginninge behave` behindp being| belovedP belowF bentgrassK berberisK ng the species. [This is implicitly a "Search" operation: the Tutorial can't perform it, and instead you will probably go to the card describing the last plant in the Tutorial's fake series.] "Shift-Click" to test button some point you should reach the card for an actual plant species, and the next click reveals "Show Description and Photos" in the box. Clicking on this jumps you to the card describi that'sC picture randomly chosen varied group takenj three layouts about species about genus about family theirP themU themselvesd thenF thereF thereforey tinyh titleB titles` top-mostP totalG treatedK tremuloidesK tridentataK tried_ triesV textY textualF thanC thatA varied groupE theirP themU thenF thereF theseM theyB thimbleberryK thisA button safest activate search processW entry dichotomous beloved thlaspiK thoseK though^ throughB timberlineK timeU titleB titles` top-mostP totalG treatedK tremuloidesK tridentataK tried_ triesV changed_ changesM changing changing records character~ charactersF cheatgrassK checkF check-boxd check-boxese checksM chieflyK choiceF choicesA chokecherryK chooseM choose family fieldN choose genus fieldO choosing chosenE chronological chrysothamnusK chrysotharmnusK circularb circumborealK citye clambersa classick classificationw clearY clear names/matches clearly clickedL clickingP climateK climaticK closeC closestd clutter code[ color` color-matchingd colored colorsd combineF comee comingh commandC was taken, where, etc. "Shift-Click" to test button Choose Family Button and Field Descriptions Choose Family Field: You can start the key at any family of your choice. Select from the complete list of families in the Key (about 100). 1 click to show list; 2 type or scroll to find which one you want; 3 click on the name to select it, or outside the field to cancel; 4 click button to start key. "Shift-Click" to test button List Layout Button and Field Descriptions List Layout Button: This button takes you directly to the "List" layout, which is a convenient way of displaying names and data from a number of plant species. "Shift-Click" to test button arry out or review your set-up. List Layout ey Out Browse Layout Button and Field Descriptions Browsing Cards: This button takes you to a "file card", which shows information about a plant in the data base. The format and content depend on whether you are in "Advanced" or "Beg / Inter" mode: cards for the latter are only in the early stages of construction. Which card is shown? When you are in a "List Layout" a vertical black bar appears to the left of one and only one record. This indicates the active record, and this plant will be shown when Full Description Button and Field Descriptions Full Description: Three descriptions are brought together on this layout: those of the family, the genus and the species. This is because much information is omitted from the species description when it is shared with other members of the larger group. Sometimes one or two of the fields are empty. This may occur when there is only a single genus within the family locally, or when there is only a single species within the genus. "Shift-Click" to test buttoB About Layouts Button and Field Descriptions "About" Layouts: The set of three layouts "About Species", "About Genus" and "About Family" will eventually provide informal descriptions and information about the plants. Things such as economic or horticultural importance, endangered status, etc. are part of the goal. Currently this information is not available in a simple source, and will be entered piecemeal. Pictures in the "About ..." series of layouts are complementary to those in the main thumbnailBus. They may be of related species, or of general habitat, rather than of the plants themselves. Not yet implemented Button and Field Descriptions Full Description: Three descriptions are brought together on this layout: those of the family, the genus and the species. This is because much information is omitted from the species description when it is shared with other members of the larger group. Sometimes one or two of the fields are empty. This may occur when there is only a single genus within the family locally, or when there is only a single species within the genus. Informal Cards footer. Button and Field Descriptions Hiding and Restoring Records: Records can be hidden from your display group by clicking the small blue button near the center of individual records. For instance, if you are trying to narrow down a search, and some plants are listed that are clearly irrelevant, you can omit them to reduce clutter in the display. To restore the group as it was after the last search, click the "Show Hidden" button in the header. Omitted records are not thrown out, but merelB{y hidden. When you go on to refine the search, they will be brought back in, and submitted to the next round of scrutiny. appropriate. If these are present, clicking on the ".. pictures " indicator will display the fir Button and Field Descriptions Photo Data Button: This button takes you to the "Photo Data" layout, which contains primarily data about the photograph, rather than the plant as such. Within the "Photo Data" layout the mini buttons switch among the various pictures to display the information. Photo Data Layout black background to improve viewing of the photographs. They also have darker blue buttons and gold text to reduce the background brightness. Photo Data Button Button and Field Descriptions Photo Data Button: This button takes you to the "Photo Data" layout, which contains primarily data about the photograph, rather than the plant as such. Within the "Photo Data" layout the mini buttons switch among the various pictures to display the information. "Shift-Click" to test button cies, or of general habitat, rather than of the plants themselves. Not yet implemented correlatedK correspondh correspondingQ cottonwoodK could countv counterpart` countiesK country\ county cover coveredK coversK credit| creditsI credits buttonI creeke criteriaF criterionU criticalM cultivationK cumbersome currantK currentP currently cyberfloraC cyclea daisyU dakotaK dandel darker dataF bookx databaseW davisK deatha decideY decreasesK decreasingK deepened} defaultM definitiveu deliberatelya demonstrate` denotes denoting[ dependo dependinge depth derivedV describe describedd describingh descriptiveF deserving| Button and Field Descriptions Informal Cards: Informal cards "About Species", "About Genus" and "About Family" contain text of a more general interest than the very technical descriptions from the book, and a few pictures that help relate the plant to others. They are complementary to the formal cards. While using informal cards a "Details" button will transiently display the technical descriptions. Buttons in the footer allow you to switch among the three layouts, while staying with B the same active record. All species within a single genus have the same "About Genus" and "About Family" cards. There is no compact source for all this information. It is gathered piecemeal as time permits. Not fully implemented Informal Cards formal Cards compact~ comparisonK compatibleZ complementary complements_ completeN completesa complex[ complexities} componentsK compositae[ compositej compositesc compound] computerM computer'sM computers[ concolorK concurrentZ concurrent searches conditionse confertifoliaK connectingK consensusw conservative_ consider} consistent^ consistsK constitutek contain[ containingk contains] contento contextw continueA continuedP continuingT contrastl controlC control-q controlsk convenient copyM corner cornusK correct_ correctness_ yourC zauschneria} Button and Field Descriptions User Settings: These buttons allows you to choose settings for the Photo Library and the Photo Data files. Photo Library is normally left on the CD. If you have room on your hard drive - about 560 megabytes - download it and use it from there to give the fastest response. Especially true of lap-top use. Photo Data is a moderate sized file (15 megabytes) which is installed in the Wasatch Flora folder on your hard drive. If you are very short of space you m ng near-misses. Full Photo Button and Field Descriptions Full Photo: Clicking on the button or on the photograph itself will return you to the "Full Page" layout. Once you are in the full page mode you can return to the original "Thumbnails" or "Photo Data" layout by clicking the big picture. "Shift-Click" to test button identifyx identifying` identityD ignoresZ illustratedK illustrationh image immediatelyC impenetrable~ implementh implementedJ implicitlyh importance importantC improve incanaK inchesK include| included\ includesW includingJ incomplete~ inconsistentd increasingK incrementallyh indexing{ indicateh indicateso indicatingw indicatorp indispensableP individualP inefficientS revealsD reverse\ reversible_ review reviseF rhusK ribesK richnessK ridgesK rightP rigidw rigidly\ roadj robustK rockK rockyK rosaK rosaceae\ roseK rosesb roughlyK roundb roundedP routeK rubusK rulesw runningC russianK sacatonK sagebrushK sagittataK sake~ salicorniaK salineK salinityK salixK saltK salt-toleranceK saltbushK saltgrassK sambucusK sameA sampley sample recordy sarcobatusK sarrachoidesK satisfiedU satisfyT scarletb scenesp scirpusK scopariumK scopulinaK scratch scrollingp scrutinized scrutiny seamsj seapurslanec searchF Button and Field Descriptions Photo Data Layout: The "Photo Data" layout contains primarily data about the photograph, rather than the plant as such. Even if the identification were in error (there will still be a few that surface), the fundamental information about where and when the picture was taken will remain valid. Roll Number Photographs in the "Photo Library" are "named" acording to their roll number, which makes them roughly chronological. It is an objective name, not subjectB to reinterpretation. This name is used to communicate among files whenever photographs are being shown or referenced. "Shift-Click" to test button anythingY anywherey aparineK apartx apiaceae[ apparento appearK appears` applicationsZ applied appliesl apply] appropriateL approximatelyK aquatic_ arabisK arbitraryw arbusculaK areaK areasK arenariaK arnow{ arnow's\ arrangel arrowZ arrows artemisiaK automaticallyF availableB averageK avoida avoided[ backH back-and-forthF Button and Field Descriptions Formal Name: When trying to be really precise it is important to include not only the familar Genus and species but also the Author. It is not simply giving credit to deserving botanists, but gives clear information as to exactly which plants are being included. This particular plant is instructive, because there are two Authors listed. In 1887, E. Greene proposed that various similar plants that had been known by different names be brought together in a s ingle species, which he named "Zauschneria cana". Other species of Zauschneria were already known. Subsequently, nearly 100 years later, P.H. Raven proposed that all Zauschneria species be included within the genus Epilobium. In doing so their names would have to changed because Epilobium was described earlier. The new name became Epilobium canum. The authorship is then expressed as "(Greene) Raven". However ..... Not everybody had agreed with Greene's creation of "Zauschneria cana", nor Elevation Range Button and Field Descriptions Elevation Range: The program checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. This set of check-boxes lists the Elevation Ranges in which the plants are typically found. They are not absolute, and vary with soil and exposure to sunshine. Typically, plants can survive at higher elevations on the South side, rather tB han the North side of a mountain important in the steep Wasatch. If your search does not come up with any good matches, try entering one section above or below, depending whether you think it's near the lower or upper limit of its range. justP kalmiaK keeping keepsU buttons central wasatch plantsP keyboardC keyingP keying keysL knowZ knownK knows kochiaK lace-likea lackl lacks` lakeK lanataK languageo lap-top largeK largelyK larger lasiocarpaK lastG latee latere latifoliaK latinT latterK laurelK laymanc layoutA layout'sB layoutsA leadl leafya leapsh learny least leaveM lower` lowlandsK lyalliiK madeP mahoganyK mainA acknowledgements@ buttons@ sample record@ alisA set-up setsU settingM settings several[ shadscaleK shallowK shapeb shareu shared shelterede shift` shift-clickB shift-clicking shoreK shortcutsC should[ showF details family genus button showingG shownB signedA similarV similarlyK simple` simplerZ simplyZ simulations` simultaneouslyW single\ sitesK situation slightlyK slopesK smallF smaller smoothK snowberryK soilK Preliminaries Button Button and Field Descriptions Preliminaries Button: This button takes you to the Preliminaries page to carry out a set-up. Button and Field Descriptions Preliminaries Button: This button takes you to the Preliminaries page to carry out or review your set-up. r" button. Search for Plants Button and Field Descriptions Search for Plants: This button takes you back to the original "Look for Plants" layout. An alternative is to use the miniature version of thet layout immediately to the right of this button. "Shift-Click" to test button dicator will display the fir Glossary Pictures Button and Field Descriptions Glossary Pictures: This layout displays the pictures (if any) associated with a term in the Glossary. These are larger and easier to see than those in the Glossary panel in other layouts. When you click ".. back " you are returned to the layout from which you came. In Tutorial mode some text and pictures may not remain visible. In this layout you can also select other entries from the text box at upper left, and see text and line-drawings, but not photosB . "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Glossary Pictures: This layout displays the pictures (if any) associated with a term in the Glossary. These are larger and easier to see than those in the Glossary panel in other layouts. When you click ".. back " you are returned to the layout from which you came. In this layout you can also select other entries from the text box at upper left, and see text and line-drawings, but not photos. Feedback also select other entries from the text box at upper left, and see text and line-drawings, but not photos ListB Button and Field Descriptions Tutorial Hints: When you click ? in the main program you go to a matching screen in the Tutorial. The background color is pale blue rather than pale green, and there are two extra buttons. Click "Using the Tutorial" to show these hints. Click "Return to Main" to get back to where you left the main program. SIMPLE BUTTONS are mostly blue with black text. They perform many functions. FIELDS are highly varied. They display data or pictures. FIELD-BUTTONS do both. Clicking many of the pictures performs an action. To Display Hints. Click on almost any button or field in the Tutorial to see a brief explanation of its function. Click in the background to hide the text box. To Test Buttons. Hold down the "Shift" key, then click and release the button in question. Don't release the "Shift" key too soon. The Tutorial lacks data so you cannot perform real searches, just simulations. Otherwise, the Tutorial can demonstrate most of the simple functi togethert toggle toggle layouts button totalG track traditionall trained~ treatedK tremuloidesK tridentataK triesV trilobataK trying| tutorialG tutorial hints` tutorial'sh typeN planta type-in typedy types typhaK typical typicallyK typingZ ulmusK ultimatelyK umbelliferae[ unchangedo underK underlined[ underlinesZ underlining[ understoryK undoess unlessZ untile relay your comments to me. When you Click or Shift-click the button some diagnostic information about your computer (e.g. Mac/PC, system version) and some program parameters (e.g. user level, photo number, where you are at in a key, etc) is also sent to the Feedback file. This helps me to reproduce your situatiB on (and any problem) more easily. You are welcome to type in any comments about the programs and their workings, and also to provide feedback if you think plants may have been misidentified. back" file which can be used to relay your comments to me. When you Click or Shift-click the button some diagnostic information about your computer (e.g. Mac/PC, system version) and some program parameters (e.g. user level, photo number, where you are at in a key, etc) is also sent to the Feedback file. This helps me to reproduce your situatiB on (and any problem) more easily. You are welcome to type in any comments about the programs and their workings, and also to provide feedback if you think plants may have been misidentified. "Shift-Click" to test button to their roll number, which makes them roughly chronological. It is an objective name, not subjectB to reinterpretation. This name is used to communicate among files whenever photographs are being shown or referenced. "Shift-Click" to test button CardB purpose] purposes` purshiaK quercusK question` quickj quitC buttonC quiteP quittingC quizZ rabbitbrushK racemosaK randomS randomlyE rangeK ranges^ rangingK rapidlyS ratherC rationale raven| raven's| reachh reachesK realG reallyo reason recentK recognizing| recordg recordsG records omitted found group clicking red-berriedK red-osierK redolent] reduce reduced] reedK referenced refineS refinements refiningU refining searchesU reflectK regionK registration regular reinterpretation majorK majority} makeM makesU makingo malvaceusK manyB mapleK marche marginal marksY marshesK masterh matchV match characters plant_ matchesF matchingF maturel may-july^ meadowsK you go to file cards. In "Key Out" mode you will usually go to the record that was active when you were last in a card or list layout. It is still the active one your apparent motion through the key is really the key going past you. Your place in the main data base is unchanged. A change only happens when you reach an end-point in the key, and decide to make the jump out of the key and to a specific file card. "Shift-Click" to test button e key and to a specific file card. Formal Cards: These give all the information from Thumbnails Button and Field Descriptions Thumbnails Button: This takes you to the first of the layouts that are mainly oriented to photographs (or back to it from "Full Page" mode). Each plant species in the database has space allotted for up to six photos, which can be displayed together in 4" frames. About 75-80% of the species do have photographs on file. The actual number used varies from 0-6. List Modes: For each record the number of photographs is shown in a round green button at far rutton at far r Button and Field Descriptions Find All Records: This button undoes any previous searches and restores all records. Once you do this, you can no longer refine the previous search criteria. will show below the text box. The Book's glossary has a very useful set of line drawings, which automatically appear at the bottom of the "Glossary" panel when present. Behind the scenes in Cyberflora are links to the library of photographs when appropriate. If these are present, clicking on the ".. pictures " indicator will display the fir bst of them immediately, and the indicator will change to ".. more ". A second click displays a full page format where all pictures are shown at larger scale. In that page, clicking ".. back " returns you to the layout from which you came. To hide the Glossary, simply click (Shift-Click) again on the area which opened it. "Shift-Click" to test button p out of the key and to a specific file card. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Thumbnails Button: This takes you to the first of the layouts that are mainly oriented to photographs (or back to it from "Full Page" mode). Each plant species in the database has space allotted for up to six photos, which can be displayed together in 4" frames. About 75-80% of the species do have photographs on file. The actual number used varies from 0-6. List Modes: For each record the number of photographs is shown in a round blue button near the 4center of each record. Clicking on this takes you to the thumbnails display layout. File Card Modes: Formal cards have a blue "Thumbnails" button in the left control bar, with a paler inset. This indicates how many pictures are available. Informal "About Species" cards have a similar button in the footer. Restore Omitted" button in the header. Omitted records are not thrown out, bB ut merely hidden.When you go on to refine the search, they will be brought back in, and submitted to the next round of scrutiny. Choose Genus Button and Field Descriptions Choose Genus Field: You can start the key at any Genus of your choice. Select from the complete list of genera in the Key (about 500). 1 click to show list; 2 type or scroll to find which one you want; 3 click on the name to select it, or outside the field to cancel; 4 click button to start key. "Shift-Click" to test button ould be available if you had made the other pick. Alternatively, you can jump back to major entry points, using the "Reset Key to" menu near top left. A box giving the main choices is always present. If the keying out process has already reached a particular family or genus, ? their names will appear below the menu box. Click to return to the start of that group. Example: enter "1155" at bottom right of the central yellow box and click "Enter". This will set the key to the start of FABACEAE. Navigate into a genus such as Astragalus, then click on genus and family names to reset the key. lue button to move on. More details of each button can be obtained by "Shift-Click" on it. Backtracking and Side-stepping: The top-most yellow box "Previous C bestA better] betulaK between_ bienniala bigtoothK bilaterallyb bilberryK bindweedb binomial[ biogeographicK birchK bitterbrushK blacko blank blooming_ blueK bluebunchK bookP book'sP booksd borderngK botanicalF botanical names[ botanist~ botanistsP botanyd bothF bottomA boxelderK boxesL brevity~ buttonA se (those from The Book) that simultaneously satisfy all the criteria. This includes both the Word matches and the Description matches. Supplementary species added do not yet have the criteria entered to allow matching of characters. You may be used to just hitting the "Return" or "Enter" button to start a search. This will not work here. Button and Field Descriptions Omitting Records: Records can be omitted from your found group by clicking the small green button at the left of individual records. For instance, if you are trying to narrow down a search, and some plants are listed that are clearly irrelevant, you can omit them to reduce clutter in the display. To restore the group as it was after the last search, click the "Restore Omitted" button in the header. Omitted records are not thrown out, but merely hidden.Whe n you go on to refine the search, they will be brought back in, and submitted to the next round of scrutiny. "Shift-Click" to test button (This step implicitly does a "Search": since this can't really be done in the Tutorial, it simply restores all 10 records). in the last search). The "Previous" and "Next" buttons are used for this. Usually the layout remains the same, but if you are in "Full Page" layout it switches back to "Thumbnails" for simpler keeping track of where you are. Specifically, the buttons do not shift you from one picture to the next within the group of six. You can do thBOis using the miniature buttons in the left panel of the "Full Page" layout. don'tF done` double douglasK down\ download drabaK dramaticK drawingsp drawnk drawsa driveM dumosusK duplicate` duringM dwarfK eachF earlierF earlye easier easilyl easternK easyF economic edaphicK editZ editionx eitherF elaeagnusK elderK elderberryK elevation^ elevation rangef elevationsf eliminatedg eliminatinga elsek elsewhere emphasis[ emphasizel empty enablesP encompassesK Destination Buttons: Once you have made a choice between the two white "Options Boxes", click one or other of these "Destination Buttons" to implement it. Cyberflora then brings information from various places to update the display. For illustration, in the Tutorial I have included tiny numbers at bottom right of the five navigation buttons on this page. They indicate where in the Master Key file the information is coming from. As you make a choice ("Sh ift + Click" in the Tutorial), note how the numbers change often incrementally, but sometimes in big leaps that correspond to a jump of hundreds of pages in the book. You may change the number in the central "Card Name" box, just by clicking and typing. Any number from 1 to 3864 will work. Suggestions: 400, 1155, 3466. At some point you should reach the card for an actual plant species, and the next click reveals "Show Description and Photos" in the box. Clicking on this jumps you to Preliminaries Page Button and Field Descriptions Preliminaries Page: This page sets some basic features: User Name this is not a registration, just a way of keeping track. If you send me feedback, I will be able to relate it to previous exchanges. Use a pseudonym if you wish. Button and Field Descriptions Preliminaries Page: This page sets some basic features: User Name this is not a registration, just a way of keeping track. If you send me feedback, I will be able to relate it to previous exchanges. Use a pseudonym if you wish. quercusK question` quickj quitC buttonC quitea quittingC quizZ rabbitbrushK racemosaK radiallyb randomF randomlyE rangeK ranges^ rangingK rapidlyF ratherC rationale reachh reachedP reachesK realG reallyo reason recentK reconsiderP recordB recordsG regionK relatex relatedC relationshipK relationships[ relativelyK release` relyd remainingK rememberU remindA removeU repeatedj repensK reportn reportingm reportsw represent[ requestZ requiredl requiresM resetA respondo restartr restoress restrictU resultM resultingK results] retainsF retraceP returnP returnedS returnsp at you cannot perform real searches, but only simulations. Otherwise, the Tutorial can demonstrate most of the simple functions of the main program. To do this, hold down the "Shift" key, then click and release the button. Example. Hold down the "Shift" key, and click the frontispiece picture. Then try the faint button at lower right of the picture. When you are done, click the pale blue background. is means th Toggle Layout Button and Field Descriptions Toggle Layouts Button: This button takes you back to the page layout from which you have just come, though occasionally it may be different. NB There are other senses in which you "go backwards" in the data base: to go backwards through a list of plants you go to "Previous record", while to get to the previous step in the Technical key you click the button above the main card name. "Shift-Click" to test button see encounteredK end-pointl endangered engelmannK engelmanniiK englishT enormousP enough enterP enteredW entering\ entering names entireK entriesL entryN epilobiumK epithet[ equallyK eraseY erigeronK errorN erysimumK especially_ essencel essentiall estabilishedK eurasiaK eurotiaK evenF eveningy everyC everyone everythingk exactZ exactlyy exampleP examples[ exceed_ exceptK exceptionallye exchanges existingU existsg expand expectede experiencedF ctede ve information about: SIMPLE BUTTONS are mostly blue with black text. They perform many functions. FIELDS are highly varied. They display data or pictures. FIELD-BUTTONS do both. For instance, clicking many of the pictures performs an action such as expand or reduce. Click blue background to hide e pictures performs an action. To Display Hints. Click on almost any button or field in the Tutorial to see database (those from The Book) that simultaneously satisfy all the criteria. This includes both the Word matches and the Description matches. You may be used to just hitting the "Return" or "Enter" button to start a search. This will also work here, but there are a few situations where problems can occur. It is best to use the butB#ton. "Shift-Click" to test button Installation Button and Field Descriptions Installation Hints: This button opens a small file which contains information about getting the best results with your system. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Installation Hints: This button opens a small file which contains information about getting the best results with your system things such as screen size, color depth, etc. oth. Clicking many of the pictures performs an action. To Display Hints. Click on almost any button or field in the Tutorial to see comments| commonK common name{ common names\ common names entry commonlyK communicate communisK communitiesK communityK comnunityK compact~ comparisonK complementary completeN completed completelyr complexZ complexities} complicated componentsK compositae[ composite\ compositesc compound] computerl computers[ concolorK concurrent concurrent searches conditionse confertifoliaK connectingK consensusw consider} consistent^ consistsK constitutek constructiono contain[ containingk contains] contento meanK means` meant mediterraneanK meetT megabytes membera members mentioned menuA menusZ menziesiiK merely\ mertensiaK mesicK messageN messy[ method midmontaneK migrationK milde milesK mindC buttons miniatureq minimalx misidentified mixtureK modeo modest modifyU moistK montaneK montanumK monthe monthse moreB mostK mostly` motiono mountainK mountainsK moveP moving much_ mulesearK multi-yeara multiplea mustU mustardsb myriadK myrsinitesK named| namesF names/matches noteh noted~ notes^ nothing_ nothing happens these simply report where notoriously\ nowhereg numberG numberedu numbersh numerousK nutrientsa nutritiona nuttallii[ objective objects obtainedP obviousa obviously_ occasionalY occasionallyK occidentalisK occur[ occurringK occursK oceansprayK october_ orderK oregonK oreophilusK organize[ originalW variedE variese variety} variousP vary_ vegetationK velutinusK vermiculatusK vernalK veronica verrucosumc versionq versionsg verticalo veryF viewF viewingF vinea virginianaK visible{ vocabularyp voidedC wakeK wantA wasatchK waterK ways\ weakerw wealth~ welcome wellK well-drainedK wereG whatB whateverF wheatgrassK whenF whenever whereT wherebyY whetherM Attribute Boxes Button and Field Descriptions Attribute Boxes: The information entered in the "Search for Matches" layout is summarized in "Attribute" fields for (presently) six broad characters. Your entries are shown in the blue boxes in the header (in the main program, not in the tutorial). Each record has a corresponding set of white boxes showing how well the plant fits the criteria. Regular type face indicates that the character description is within the usual range, while a grey type indicates B that it is marginal. yieldsK herem you'reZ yourC zauschneria| 0regonK 1-1140u 1000K 10000K 11000K 1139K 1155P 1193G 1200F 1585K 1976K 1980x 2-sidedb 3466h 3466h abiesK aboutF about cyberflora buttonJ aboveK abruptK absolutef acceptabled viewx viewing virginianaK visible{ vocabularyp voidedC wakeK wantA wasatchK waterK weakerw wealth~ welcome wellK well-drainedK wereG whatZ wheatgrassK whenG whenever accessA accessed accessibler according aceae[ acerK acknowledgementsI acording acting action activateo activatesW activeB actsE actualh addedW addingF additional[ adds\ advancedr advantagesl affinitiesK afterZ again_ againstn agreement agropyronK agrostisK airoidesK aizoaceaec albicaulis alderK alkaliK alkaligrassK allenrolfeaK allottedt allowW allowsF almostA alnifoliaK alnusK alongK alphabeticalZ alphabetized alpineK alreadyP alsoA androsaceK angustifoliaK annualK anotherk antelopeK Alnus incana (alder), Prunus virginiana (chokecherry), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Cornus stolonifera (red-osier dogwood), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Rosa woodsii (Woods' rose), and Agrostis stolonifera (bentgrass). Midmontane - 6,000 to 9,000 feet. Plants often dominant on slopes are Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak), occurring in pure stands or in association with Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) on dry slopes and with Acer spp. (maple) on relatively mesic ones; and Populus tremuloides (aspen), this either as pure stands or in association with Abies concolor (white fir), and often with Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), less frequently with Picea pungens (blue spruce). Low shrubs commonly dominant as understory in wooded areas are Berberis repens (0regon grape), Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), and occasionally Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). Major components of the mountain brush community are Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowb Button and Field Descriptions Thumbnails Layout: The "Thumbnails" and "Full Page" layouts differ from all others in having a black background to improve viewing of the photographs. They also have darker blue buttons and gold text to reduce the background brightness. Pictures are Buttons Click on any thumbnail picture and you are taken to the "Full Page" layout in which it is displayed at up to 12.5" x 10", depending on the image. Click on the full picture to bring you back to the thum bnails. "Card" buttons take you to species descriptions with informal (green) or technical (red) language. "Card" arrows take you forward or back one card (single) or to the beginning or end (double). "List" button takes you to the list layout showing all plants that meet your search criteria. "Photo Data" is a complex of mini buttons. Each of the six takes you to a layout with information about the photograph when it was taken, where, etc. f "Zauschneria cana", nor Button and Field Descriptions Attributes: The information entered in the "Search for Matches" layout is summarized in "Attribute" fields for (presently) six broad characters. Your entries are shown in the blue boxes in the header. Each record has a corresponding set of white boxes showing how well each plant fits the criteria. Regular type face indicates that the character description is within the usual range. A gray type indicates that it is marginal, or that the assignment may not b Ae technically correct. For example, Seapurslane (Sesuvium verrucosum) is shown as having 0 or 5 petals: the flowers are regarded as having highly colored sepals, but no petals. The "Attributes" layout also has the same set of buttons and fields as the "List" layout, so you can go directly to cards or photos from here. Entering Names greaterF green` grounda groupE group keysQ groupedy groupings groupsP growK growingK habitat^ habitat field^ habitatsK halfK happensm hardA haveB haven'tA havingP header headings helianthus helpful youtsA leftA lengthF lessB levelA likeA listB lowlandsK mainA manyB matchesF matchingF meanK menuA mindC moreB mountainsK myriadK nameD namesF narrowF numberG onlyC openC oquirrhK Button and Field Descriptions Show Family or Genus: The species description is incomplete it contains information that distinguishes it from other members of the genus, but does not describe features that are common to all or most members of the genus. Thus, very few legumes are mentioned as having compound leaves, simply because it is typical of the larger group. For this reason, the technical descriptions of the genus and family are provided when you click either of the buttons. ToBF save clutter they are normally hidden. "Shift-Click" to test button XA Show List Button and Field Descriptions Show Help Button: At any time you can click this to see a list of the plants that meet your previous search criteria if you haven't started, you will see the complete list of over 1500. The list format varies depending on the user level: Advanced Mode emphasizes the systematic botanical names in Latin; Beg / Inter Mode emphasize the informal English names. In both cases the other naming system is shown, but less prominently. When searching, you don't hB ave to return to the "Look for Plants" page to continue, because a mini version of the search buttons is present in the "footer" below the list. "Shift-Click" to test button o test button experts| explained~ explanation` explanationsB exposuref extendK extendsK extentK extra` fabaceaeP faceb face-onb factZ faint` fairlyG fakeh falle familar| familiar[ familiarity familiesN familyF family genus keysL fasterM fastest favorablee featurep features feed\ feedback feetK ferna fewerp fieldA field-buttons forceF formatG boxelderK boxesL brevity~ brief^ brightness bringl bringsh broad broadly bromusK broomK brought| browseG browsingS browsing cardso bruggenK brushK builtP bulrushK bushK buttonA button field descriptionsA soon` sorbusK source sourceso southK southwest-facingK spaceM speciall speciesF specific[ specifically specified_ speedwell spicataK spicatumK spiraeaK sporadicallyK sporesa sporobolusK springe springsK spruceK squareK squawbushK stackk stagesU standard standsK startA start-upM started startingF stateK status staying steepf stellariaK stema stemsa stems/branchesa stepP stillo stoloniferaK stored storinga streamsK streamsideK stretchingK strictly\ strike_ structureJ suaedaK subalpineK subject submergeda submitted subsequentg subshruba subshrubsK successionK succulenta Helvetica Geneva Verdana Textile Webdings Times KRPTH MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Species.fm RPTHA Wasatch Species.fm MARIA Wasatch Species.fp3 MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Species RPTHA Wasatch Species Button and Field Descriptions Introduction to the Area: The Central Wasatch Front, as here treated, encompasses all Salt Lake and Davis Counties except Antelope Island and the higher parts of the Oquirrh Mountains. The area covered extends from the shore of Great Salt Lake, at an altitude of 4,200 feet above mean sea level, to the alpine peaks of the Wasatch Range, at altitudes of about 11,000 feet. The climate of the area has an equally wide variation - the average annual precipit ation ranging from 12 inches in the valley to 60 inches on the highest peaks, and the average annual air temperature ranging from 51 F in the valleys to about 36 F in the mountains. The abrupt, dramatic change in altitude from saline lowlands to glacial peaks yields myriad habitats in which plants may grow. The diversity resulting from edaphic and climatic variation is augmented by the presence of a migration route formed by the mountains stretching northward and ultimately connect e major components of the mountain brush comnunity growing on otherwise open slopes are Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak), Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush), Rhus trilobata (squawbush), Rhus glabra (smooth sumac), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry). Sambucus caerulea (elderberry), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), and Holodiscus dumosus (bush oceanspray), the latter occurring chiefly on rocky ridges. Wyethia amplexicaulis (mulesear), a robust perennial herb, often dominates north-facing slopes; Balsamorhiza sagittata, a similarly robust vernal herb, is often prominent on south- or southwest-facing slopes. Chrysotharmnus nauseosus (rabbitbrush) occurs sporadically or sometimes in large populations chiefly in the wake of disturbance. Streamside vegetation in the foothills consists chiefly of Populus spp. (cottonwood), Salix spp. (willow), Acer grandidentatum (bigtooth maple), Acer negundo (boxelder), Betula occidentalis (water birch), erry), Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), Holodiscus dumosus (bush oceanspray), Ribes spp. (currant and gooseberry), Cercocarpus ledifolius (mountain mahogany), Ceanothus velutinus (mountain lilac), and Sambucus spp. (elderberry). Wyethia amplexicaulis, a robust herb, occasionally dominates north-facing slopes, and Artemisia arbuscula (low sagebrush) occasionally covers rocky ridges. Streamside vegetation at midmo ntane consists chiefly of Populus spp. (cottonwood and aspen), Salix spp. (willow), Acer spp. (maple), Betula occidentalis (water birch), Alnus incana (alder), Prunus virginiana (chokecherry), Rosa woodsii (Woods' rose), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry) Cornus stolonifera (red-osier dogwood), Lonicera involucrata (bearberry honeysuckle), Ribes spp. (currant and gooseberry), Rubus parviflorus (thimbleberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), and So rbus scopulina (mountain ash). Upper montane - 9,000 to 10,000 feet. Plants dominant on slopes are Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), Populus tremuloides (aspen), and to a lesser extent, Abies concolor (white fir), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), and Pinus flexilis (limber pine). Low shrubs commonly forming the understory in wooded areas are Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), Berberis repens (0regon grape), Vacci nium scoparium (broom huckleberry), and occasionally Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). lmportant components of the mountain brush community are Acer glabrum (smooth maple), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), Sambucus racemosa (red-berried elder), Ribes spp. (currant), and Sorbus scopulina (mountain ash). Streamside vegetation at upper montane consists chiefly of Populus tremuloides (aspen), Salix spp. (wil Button and Field Descriptions Introduction to the Area: The Central Wasatch Front, as here treated, encompasses all Salt Lake and Davis Counties except Antelope Island and the higher parts of the Oquirrh Mountains. The area covered extends from the shore of Great Salt Lake, at an altitude of 4,200 feet above mean sea level, to the alpine peaks of the Wasatch Range, at altitudes of about 11,000 feet. The climate of the area has an equally wide variation - the average annual precipit ation ranging from 12 inches in the valley to 60 inches on the highest peaks, and the average annual air temperature ranging from 51 F in the valleys to about 36 F in the mountains. The abrupt, dramatic change in altitude from saline lowlands to glacial peaks yields myriad habitats in which plants may grow. The diversity resulting from edaphic and climatic variation is augmented by the presence of a migration route formed by the mountains stretching northward and ultimately connect berry), Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), Holodiscus dumosus (bush oceanspray), Ribes spp. (currant and gooseberry), Cercocarpus ledifolius (mountain mahogany), Ceanothus velutinus (mountain lilac), and Sambucus spp. (elderberry). Wyethia amplexicaulis, a robust herb, occasionally dominates north-facing slopes, and Artemisia arbuscula (low sagebrush) occasionally covers rocky ridges. Streamside vegetation at midm ontane consists chiefly of Populus spp. (cottonwood and aspen), Salix spp. (willow), Acer spp. (maple), Betula occidentalis (water birch), Alnus incana (alder), Prunus virginiana (chokecherry), Rosa woodsii (Woods' rose), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry) Cornus stolonifera (red-osier dogwood), Lonicera involucrata (bearberry honeysuckle), Ribes spp. (currant and gooseberry), Rubus parviflorus (thimbleberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), and S Photo Library Button and Field Descriptions Photo Library Buttons: Choose whether you will continue to use the CD-ROM as the source of photos, or copy it to the Hard Drive. Not yet implemented low sagebrush) occasionally covers rocky ridges. Streamside vegetation at midmo low), Acer glabrum (smooth maple), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Prunus virginiana (chokecherry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Lonicera involucrata (bearberry honeysuckle), Ribes spp. (currant), Sambucus racemosa (red-berried elder), and Sorbus scopulina (mountain ash). Subalpine - 10,000 feet to timberline. Dominant plants are Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), and to a lesser extent, Pinus flexil is limber pine). The most commonly occurring shrubs are Salix spp. (willow), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), and Ribes spp. (currant). Low shrubs in wooded areas and sometimes on open slopes are Berberis repens (0regon grape), Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), and Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). Alpine - above timberline. Among approximately 175 species capable of growing at alpine in our range, the following are low shrubs or subshrubs: Salix spp. (willow), Ribes tallation you will have chosen whether to put this file on your hard drive (preferred) or leave it on the CD. Either way, at start-up the program checks whether there is a copy on the hard drive, and uses it if available. You can override this. ountain ash). Alnus incana (alder), Prunus virginiana (chokecherry), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Cornus stolonifera (red-osier dogwood), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Rosa woodsii (Woods' rose), and Agrostis stolonifera (bentgrass). Midmontane - 6,000 to 9,000 feet. Plants often dominant on slopes are Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak), occurring in pure stands or in association with Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) on dry slopes and with Acer spp. (maple) on relatively mesic ones; and Populus tremuloides (aspen), this either as pure stands or in association with Abies concolor (white fir), and often with Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), less frequently with Picea pungens (blue spruce). Low shrubs commonly dominant as understory in wooded areas are Berberis repens (0regon grape), Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), and occasionally Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). Major components of the mountain brush community are Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowb cereum (wax currant), Petrophytum caespitosum (rock spiraea), Kalmia polifolia (swamp laurel), and Vaccinium cespitosum (dwarf bilberry). Of the remaining herbaceous species, the following are possibly the most frequently encountered: Senecio spp., Mertensia spp., Arabis lemmonii and Arabis lyallii, Draba spp., Erysimum asperum, Thlaspi montanum, Ivesia gordonii , Arenaria spp., Stellaria spp., Gentianella amarella, Epilobium spp., Agrostis hyemalis, Poa spp., Phlox spp., Androsace septeT^ntrionalis, Potentilla spp., Valeriana spp., Antennaria spp., Erigeron spp., and Carex spp. erry), and Ribes spp. (currant). Low shrubs in wooded areas and sometimes on open slopes are Berberis repens (0regon grape), Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), and Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). Alpine - above timberline. Among approximately 175 species capable of growing at alpine in our range, the following are low shrubs or subshrubs: Salix spp. (willow), Ribes Button and Field Descriptions Introduction to the Area: The Central Wasatch Front, as here treated, encompasses all Salt Lake and Davis Counties except Antelope Island and the higher parts of the Oquirrh Mountains. The area covered extends from the shore of Great Salt Lake, at an altitude of 4,200 feet above mean sea level, to the alpine peaks of the Wasatch Range, at altitudes of about 11,000 feet. The climate of the area has an equally wide variation - the average annual precipit ation ranging from 12 inches in the valley to 60 inches on the highest peaks, and the average annual air temperature ranging from 51 F in the valleys to about 36 F in the mountains. The abrupt, dramatic change in altitude from saline lowlands to glacial peaks yields myriad habitats in which plants may grow. The diversity resulting from edaphic and climatic variation is augmented by the presence of a migration route formed by the mountains stretching northward and ultimately connect , Alnus incana (alder), Prunus virginiana (chokecherry), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Cornus stolonifera (red-osier dogwood), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Rosa woodsii (Woods' rose), and Agrostis stolonifera (bentgrass). Midmontane - 6,000 to 9,000 feet. Plants often dominant on slopes are Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak), occurring in pure stands or in association with Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) on dry slopes and with Acer spp. (maple) on relatively mesic ones; and Populus tremuloides (aspen), this either as pure stands or in association with Abies concolor (white fir), and often with Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), less frequently with Picea pungens (blue spruce). Low shrubs commonly dominant as understory in wooded areas are Berberis repens (0regon grape), Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), and occasionally Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). Major components of the mountain brush community are Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snow Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm), and Tamarix spp. (salt cedar) are relatively recent introductions now well estabilished chiefly in low-lying, moist areas. Native plants dominant along streams or in relatively mesic sites in the valleys are Populus angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood), P. fremontii (Fremont's cottonwood), Salix spp. (willow), Acer negundo (boxelder), Rosa woodsii (Woods' rose), Typha latifolia (cattail), and Agrostis stolonifera (bentgrass). The upper reaches of the valle ys are largely under cultivation. Foothills - 4,800 to 6,000 feet. Dry slopes are often dominated by Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), Agropyron spicatum (bluebunch wheatgrass), Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush), Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak); relatively mesic slopes in shallow canyons typically support a mixture of Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak) and Acer grandidentatum (bigtooth maple). Berberis repens (Oregon grape) and Galium aparine (bedstraw) are frequently dominant under oak. T te of South Dakota, an area of slightly more than 77,000 square miles (Van Bruggen 1976). At present, a total of 92 circumboreal species extend into our range, 174 species are introduced from Eurasia, 42 from the Mediterranean region, approximately 11 from the eastern half of the U.S., with only one species (Solanum sarrachoides), known to be introduced from South America. The remaining 819 species are presumably native to North America. The dominant plant communities of the Central Wasatch Front can be more or less roughly correlated with altitude as follows: Valleys - 4,200 to 4,800 feet. The salt flats, saline meadows, and marsh orbus scopulina (mountain ash). Upper montane - 9,000 to 10,000 feet. Plants dominant on slopes are Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), Populus tremuloides (aspen), and to a lesser extent, Abies concolor (white fir), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), and Pinus flexilis (limber pine). Low shrubs commonly forming the understory in wooded areas are Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), Berberis repens (0regon grape), Vacc inium scoparium (broom huckleberry), and occasionally Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). lmportant components of the mountain brush community are Acer glabrum (smooth maple), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), Sambucus racemosa (red-berried elder), Ribes spp. (currant), and Sorbus scopulina (mountain ash). Streamside vegetation at upper montane consists chiefly of Populus tremuloides (aspen), Salix spp. (wi ing with those of eastern Asia. The affinities of many of our montane plants reflect this biogeographic relationship. The richness of the flora of the Central Wasatch Front, which covers approximately 1,000 square miles, is well illustrated by a comparison of its 1,139 species with the total of 1,585 species occurring in the entire state of South Dakota, an area of slightly more than 77,000 square miles (Van Bruggen 1976). At present, a total of 92 circumboreal species extend into our range, 174 species are introduced from Eurasia, 42 from the Mediterranean region, approximately 11 from the eastern half of the U.S., with only one species (Solanum sarrachoides), known to be introduced from South America. The remaining 819 species are presumably native to North America. The dominant plant communities of the Central Wasatch Front can be more or less roughly correlated with altitude as follows: Valleys - 4,200 to 4,800 feet. The salt flats, saline meadows, and mars lmus pumila (Siberian elm), and Tamarix spp. (salt cedar) are relatively recent introductions now well estabilished chiefly in low-lying, moist areas. Native plants dominant along streams or in relatively mesic sites in the valleys are Populus angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood), P. fremontii (Fremont's cottonwood), Salix spp. (willow), Acer negundo (boxelder), Rosa woodsii (Woods' rose), Typha latifolia (cattail), and Agrostis stolonifera (bentgrass). The upper reaches of the valley s are largely under cultivation. Foothills - 4,800 to 6,000 feet. Dry slopes are often dominated by Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), Agropyron spicatum (bluebunch wheatgrass), Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush), Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak); relatively mesic slopes in shallow canyons typically support a mixture of Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak) and Acer grandidentatum (bigtooth maple). Berberis repens (Oregon grape) and Galium aparine (bedstraw) are frequently dominant under oak. Th hes borderng the Great Salt Lake support (in a generally decreasing order of salt-tolerance) Salicornia spp. (pickleweed), Allenrolfea occidentalis (iodinebush), Suaeda spp. (seepweed), Distichlis spicata (saltgrass), Puccinellia spp. (alkaligrass), Hordeum jubatum (foxtail), Sporobolus airoides (alkali sacaton), Sarcobatus vermiculatus (greasewood), Atriplex confertifolia (shadscale), and Atriplex gardneri (saltbush). As the salinity of the soil decreases with increasing altitude, Atriple x confertifolia (shadscale), Eurotia lanata (winterfat), Kochia americana (graymolly), Chrysothamnus nauseosus (rabbitbrush), Tetradymia spp. (horsebrush), Phragmites australis (common reed), Scirpus spp. (bulrush), and even Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) appear or become more numerous, although big sagebrush is more common at higher altitudes in well-drained soils. The same general succession occurs in areas associated with hot springs. Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive), llow), Acer glabrum (smooth maple), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Prunus virginiana (chokecherry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Lonicera involucrata (bearberry honeysuckle), Ribes spp. (currant), Sambucus racemosa (red-berried elder), and Sorbus scopulina (mountain ash). Subalpine - 10,000 feet to timberline. Dominant plants are Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), and to a lesser extent, Pinus flexi lis limber pine). The most commonly occurring shrubs are Salix spp. (willow), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), and Ribes spp. (currant). Low shrubs in wooded areas and sometimes on open slopes are Berberis repens (0regon grape), Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), and Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). Alpine - above timberline. Among approximately 175 species capable of growing at alpine in our range, the following are low shrubs or subshrubs: Salix spp. (willow), Ribes he major components of the mountain brush comnunity growing on otherwise open slopes are Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak), Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush), Rhus trilobata (squawbush), Rhus glabra (smooth sumac), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry). Sambucus caerulea (elderberry), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), and Holodiscus dumosus (bush oceanspray), the latter occurring chiefly on rocky ridges. Wyethia amplexicaulis (mulesear), a robust perennial herb, often dominates north-facing slopes; Balsamorhiza sagittata, a similarly robust vernal herb, is often prominent on south- or southwest-facing slopes. Chrysotharmnus nauseosus (rabbitbrush) occurs sporadically or sometimes in large populations chiefly in the wake of disturbance. Streamside vegetation in the foothills consists chiefly of Populus spp. (cottonwood), Salix spp. (willow), Acer grandidentatum (bigtooth maple), Acer negundo (boxelder), Betula occidentalis (water birch) cereum (wax currant), Petrophytum caespitosum (rock spiraea), Kalmia polifolia (swamp laurel), and Vaccinium cespitosum (dwarf bilberry). Of the remaining herbaceous species, the following are possibly the most frequently encountered: Senecio spp., Mertensia spp., Arabis lemmonii and Arabis lyallii, Draba spp., Erysimum asperum, Thlaspi montanum, Ivesia gordonii , Arenaria spp., Stellaria spp., Gentianella amarella, Epilobium spp., Agrostis hyemalis, Poa spp., Phlox spp., Androsace septT_entrionalis, Potentilla spp., Valeriana spp., Antennaria spp., Erigeron spp., and Carex spp. erry), and Ribes spp. (currant). Low shrubs in wooded areas and sometimes on open slopes are Berberis repens (0regon grape), Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), and Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). Alpine - above timberline. Among approximately 175 species capable of growing at alpine in our range, the following are low shrubs or subshrubs: Salix spp. (willow), Ribes a total of 92 circumboreal species extend into our range, 174 species are introduced from Eurasia, 42 from the Mediterranean region, approximately 11 from the eastern half of the U.S., with only one species (Solanum sarrachoides), known to be introduced from South America. The remaining 819 species are presumably native to North America. The dominant plant communities of the Central Wasatch Front can be more or less roughly correlated with altitude as follows: Valleys - 4,200 to 4,800 feet. The salt flats, saline meadows, and mars 6000K 75-80t 77000K 9000K abiesK aboutJ about cyberflora buttonJ about about layouts aboveK abruptK absolutef abstracted acceptabled accepted} pop-upB populationsK populusK positionP possible possiblyK potentillaK precipitationK precise| preferredM preliminariesA preliminaries button preliminaries presenceK presentA presentedl presenting presently presumablyK prevent\ previewj previousP previouslyP primarily primrosed priorityw probablyY problemg processF programC programs progressivelyU projectI prominentK properly providep provide feedback button providedo prunusK pseudonym pseudotsugaK puccinelliaK pull-down pumilaK pungensK pureK purpose] purposes` purshiaK purslane_ putting\ ting\ generouslya gentianellaK genusL genus-species-author} getsG getting giveV given\ givesC givingS glabraK glabrumK glacialK glaciere glitchesY glossarya glossary pictures goingo golden\ goodU gooseberryK gordoniiK gramineae[ grandidentatumK grapeK graymollyK greasewoodK greatK greaterS greenP greene| greene's| groupE group keysQ groupedy groupings groupsP growK growingK guides habitatZ habitat field^ habitatsK halfK happensP hardA subject submitted subsequentg subsequently| subshrubsK successionK suchP sufficiently~ suffixw suggestionsh sumacK summarized sunflower\ sunshinef supportK surea surface surprising] surprisingly~ survivef swampK swinging| switchU switchesS switchingx symphoricarposK synonyms| system systematic\ takeA takenj takesA takes starting pageH takes layout starting search processF tamarixK target taxonu teasedx sake~ salicorniaK salineK salinityK salixK saltK salt-toleranceK saltbushK saltgrassK sambucusK sameA sampley sample recordy samples sarcobatusK sarrachoidesK satisfiedU fiedU satisfy@ shift-clicks small@ south@ subject@ synonyms taken technical@ their thing@ those@ together@ view@ view@ possible possiblyK potentillaK precipitationK precise| preferredw preliminariesA preliminaries button preliminaries presenceK presentA presentedl presenting presently presumablyK preventw previewj previousT primarily primrosey priorityw probablyY problemg problemsW processF programB programs progressivelyU projectJ prominentK prominentlyu proposed| providep provide feedback button provided prunusK pseudonym pseudotsugaK puccinelliaK pull-down pumilaK pungensK pureK smallG smaller smoothK snowberryK soilK soilsK solanumK someJ somethingn sometimesK somewhatA soon` sorbusK sourceM object object's objective occasionalY occasionallyK occidentalisK occurW occurringK occursK oceansprayK offerZ offeringk oftenK older[ oliveK omitted~ omitting omitting records onceL onesK modeo modest modifyU moistK montaneK montanumK monthe monthse moreJ mostK mostlyZ motiono mountainK mountainsK mouse-click moving much~ mulesearK multipleZ mumberu mustU myriadK myrsinitesK nameD named| namesG names displaysu namingw narrowS narrowleafK nativeK natural[ nature nauseosusK navigateP navigationh button field descriptionsA button's` buttonsB buttons panel directly corresponding buttons/boxesj choose family fieldN choose genus fieldO chosenE chrysothamnusK chrysotharmnusK circumborealK clickB clickedL clickingP climateK climaticK closeC combineF commandC commonK commonlyK communisK communitiesK communityK comnunityK comparisonK completeN componentsK computerM computer'sM concolorK confertifoliaK connectingK buttonA button field descriptionsA button's` thingZ thingsy thinke thisA button safest activate search processW button takes layout which button takes directly layoutr button takes directly layout which button takes first where choose where button takes which shows informationo button takes preliminaries carry field allows enter common names field shows common listed arnow book{ basic features shows technical descriptions arnow's bookx thlaspiK Button and Field Descriptions Show List Button: At any time you can click this to see a list of the plants that meet your previous search criteria if you haven't started, you will see the complete list of nearly 1200. Button and Field Descriptions Search by Name: Takes you to a layout where you can enter names or partial names (in English or Latin). Then gives you a choice of viewing a list of plants that meet criteria or of continuing the search. Searches always find only those records that satisfy all the criteria in all the entry fields. Searching for this or that is not built in to this program. Refining Searches functionB functions` fundamental galiumK gambelK gambeliiK gardneriK garrettii} gathered[ generaO generalK generallyK generic[ generouslya gentianellaK genusF genus-species-author} getsG getting giliab giveP givenF givesC givingF glabraK glabrumK glacialK glaciere glitchesY glossaryo glossary pictures goingZ golden goodU gooseberryK gordoniiK gramineae[ grandidentatumK grapeK graphicsM grassa grayu graymollyK greasewoodK greatK oquirrhK the "Help / Tutorial" file a simple mouse-click on an object will display a text box such as this. It will give a brief explanation of the object's function. Three main types of object are commonly found: SIMPLE BUTTONS are mostly blue with black text. They perform many functions. FIELDS are highly varied. They display data or pictures. FIELD-BUTTONS do both. Clicking many of the pictures performs an action. To Display Hints. Click on almost any button or field in the Tutorial to see a brief explanation of its function. Click in the background to hide the text box. To Test Buttons. Hold down the "Shift" key, then click and release the button in question. Don't release the "Shift" key too soon. The Tutorial lacks data so you cannot perform real searches, just simulations. Otherwise, the Tutorial can demonstrate most of the simple functions of the main program. Example. If you are on the opening page, hold down the "Shift" key, and click the frontispiece picture. Then oo soon. The Tutorial lacks data so you cannot perform real searches, just simulations. Otherwise, the Tutorial can demonstrate most of the simple functions of the main program. Example. If you are on the opening page, hold down the "Shift" key, and click the frontispiece picture. Then ns: 400, 1155, 3466. At some point you should reach the card for an actual plant species, and the next click reveals "Show Description and Photos" in the box. Clicking on this jumps you to C the card describing the species. [This is implicitly a "Search" operation: the Tutorial can't perform it, and instead you will probably go to the card describing the last plant in the Tutorial's fake series.] Backing Up Button and Field Descriptions About Help: QUITTING THE PROGRAM The only way is to click the Q button at lower right. Keyboard shortcuts (Command-Q, Control-Q etc) don't work. HELP is available throughout the database. Every layout contains a small ? button, usually blue and near the bottom left corner. Clicking on it will show a small text box such as this with general instructions. Clicking on the page titles shows a similar box containing information specific to that layout. Shift R-Clicking on various objects will give information about: SIMPLE BUTTONS are mostly blue with black text. They perform many functions. FIELDS are highly varied. They display data or pictures. FIELD-BUTTONS do both. For instance, clicking many of the pictures performs an action such as expand or reduce. Click blue background to hide ons of the main program. Example. If you are on the opening page, hold down the "Shift" key, and click the frontispiece picture. Then n about the photograph when it was taken, where, etc. Button and Field Descriptions "About" Layouts: The three layouts "About Species", "About Genus" and "About Family" have informal descriptions and information about the plants. Things such as economic or horticultural importance, endangered status, etc. are part of the goal. Currently this information is incomplete and will continue to be entered piecemeal. Pictures in the "About ..." series of layouts are complementary to those in the main thumbnails. They may be of related species, oB r of general habitat, rather than of the plants themselves. Headings contain both the common and botanical names, to increase familiarity. Clicking on photos will take you to the full-page version. otherA othersa otherwiseA outsideN overA overrideM overviewB ox-eye pachistimaK pageA pagesh paintbrusha pairS pairsj pale` palert panelo panelsP ophytumK phloxK photoM photo library photo buttonsM photographsF photosh phragmitesK phrasesF physocarpusK piceaK pickP pickedg pickleweedK pictureD pictures_ pineK pinusK placeA placesh plainn plantD plant'sF plantsF plants foundG poaceae[ pointL pointsP polifoliaK Button and Field Descriptions User Level: This button allows you to choose a level that is most comfortable. Presently there are two user levels, "Beg/Inter" and "Advanced". Basically, the lower level guides you away from too heavy dependence on the technical language but both levels give names in the English and Latin versions. The lower level is less complete, in that there is no convenient source of informal descriptions, as there was for the formal ones. It will come as time perB$mits. "Shift-Click" to test button Flower Shape Button and Field Descriptions Flower Shape: Do nothing if you are not sure of what the terms mean. Otherwise, click one or more buttons. The program checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. Individual terms are explained in the Glossary. "Shift-Click" to test button A woody perennial plant, typically with a distinct trunk and over 6 feet tall. Aquatic: Growing in water: may or may not be totally submerged. Fern: Technically a member of certain families that reproduce by spores, and have no f Show Details Button and Field Descriptions Button and Field Descriptions Show Details: This button displays the technical description of species, genus or family without leaving the informal layout. d Descriptio ch he named "Zauschneria cana". Other species of Zauschneria were already known. Subsequently, nearly 100 years later, P.H. Raven proposed that all Zauschneria species be included within the genus Epilobium. In doing so their names would have to changed because Epilobium was described earlier. The new name became Epilobium canum. The authorship is then expressed as "(Greene) Raven". However ..... Not everybody had agreed with Greene's creation of "Zauschneria cana", nor Book Synonyms Button and Field Descriptions Alternative Names - Synonyms: As will be clear from the "Genus-species-Author" button, there is often a lot of disagreement about exactly how to name a plant. When more than one name is current the most common synonyms are included here, along with their author(s). Complexities of formal naming are deepened here: when Zauschneria is accepted as the genus, some botanists consider "our plant" as a species in its own right "Zauschneria garrettii". A majority BDconsider it a veriety of the older species "Zauschneria latifolia". ver ..... Not everybody had agreed with Greene's creation of "Zaus Book Description Button and Field Descriptions Formal Description: To a trained botanist this field contains a wealth of information in precise, compact language. This can render it impenetrable to the layman. In this particular example (Epilobium canum), about 35 words are sufficiently "technical" that they are explained in the Glossary. Perhaps surprisingly, the descriptions are usually incomplete, because much information that applies to all species in the same family or genus is omitted for the sakBCe of brevity. This is what renders them less useful for searching. a baseB : to go backwards through a list of plants you go to "Previous record", while to get to the previous step in the Technical key you click the button above the main card name. d with Greene's creation of "Zauschneria cana", nor Button and Field Descriptions Entering Names: These two boxes allow you to enter a Family or Genus name as the start point for keying out. All families and genera in the book are included in the pull-down lists, but not all have a real entry in the main key. The most common reason for this is that there is only a single species in the genus (at least locally), or a single genus in the family. To use: 1 Single click on down arrow shows list of taxa, with scroll bar; 2 Navigate list to find desired taxon, by scrolling, OR by typing first few letters (without clicking in box); 3 Click on name to set it in window. 4 Click on "Key" button to start at that point in the key. The lists are nested - if you select a family first, only the appropriate genera are presented in the other box (not true in reverse). Key entry is made according to which Key button is clicked. Thumbnail Pictures Button and Field Descriptions Thumbnail Pictures: Each thumbnail picture is both a field displaying a picture and a button moving you to the full-page picture. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Thumbnail Pictures: Each thumbnail picture is both a field displaying a picture and a button moving you to the full-page picture. ]lds, first click anywhere in the background (to clear this box), and then click the name. To see how the information varies among plants, just type a different number in the red "Taxon" box in either page. Other plants may lack one or more fields, and the typed information may therefore not match the layout exactly. "Shift-Click" to test button alisA alisA Sample Record Button and Field Descriptions Sample Record: When you first come to this page it shows the technical description for a particular plant: Epilobium canum ("Firechalice") of the Evening Primrose family. Neither the English nor the Latin family names appear on the record, because the records are all grouped within the family. This record was chosen because it contains information in every field, and gives a better idea of how things appear in the book. To learn about the individual fie ]lds, first click anywhere in the background (to clear this box), and then click the name. To see how the information varies among plants, just type a different number in the red "Taxon" box in either page. Other plants may lack one or more fields, and the typed information may therefore not match the layout exactly. "Shift-Click" to test button .prevent you from putting "ROSACEAE" in the family box. But you won't find any matches. Boxes give a few common alternatives as separate entries, such as COMPOSITAE for ASTERACEAE. Otherwise it follows strictly the usage of Arnow's book. N.B. no capitals or underlining are needed for search entries. Description ilies and genera have no common names at the bottom of the "Glossary" panel when present. Behind the scenes in Cyberflora are links to the library of photographs when appropriate. If these are present, clicking on the ".. pictures " indicator will display the first of them immediately, and the indica t-Click" by showing more detailed information. Glossary: Because of technical language used in formal cards, the book's glossary is provided, along with some illustrations. Click the button to activate it. Button and Field Descriptions Botanical Names: The botanical names are rigidly systematic, while common names are notoriously variable from place to place, even within a single country. Botanical Name boxes have two ways of entering a search word: .. Click on the down arrow to see a complete list of valid entries. When the list is displayed you can either scroll to the entry, or start typing the name and the scroll will follow your typing (but will reset if you type slowly). Click on the highlighted word to set it in place, or type "Return". .. Click in the box and type the start of a name. "Return" will not set your entry, but merely adds an unwanted line feed. Once you have made your choice, click the SEARCH button. List displays are linked to reduce inconsistencies: once you choose a family, only genera in that family are displayed in the genus box. Likewise with genus and species lists. It doesn't work in reverse, so putting "Aster" in the genus box will not Button and Field Descriptions Common Name: This field shows the Common Name listed in Arnow. In the book, when more than one is listed, they are separated by a semicolon. In the computer files they have been put on separate lines to help indexing, and only the first is visible in this layout. Some of the other common names that I have encountered are also included. Book Formal g" and "side-stepping" allow you to do this relatively easily. "Shift-Click" to test button dge whether the left or right option applies, and click the button below it. That is the instruction to bring new choices, and so on. In this side-by-side format one can arrange and highlight to emphasize the individual points of the description. Both boxes show the same option when you reach certain "seams" in the composite key. Just click either button to continue. Special instructions will be given when you reach an end-point at a particular species. Inherent to all these forms of key `is what can be a serious problem: you may lack the information to make a sure choice (e.g. mature fruits are often required, but it is too early in the season). This can make it essential to try both options to see where they lead. In such cases "back-tracking" and "side-stepping" allow you to do this relatively easily. "Shift-Click" to test button and no work Options Button and Field Descriptions Options Boxes: The left and right white boxes present the two descriptive choices available at each junction in the key. This is the essence of dichotomous keys one OR the other. In traditional keys in books the choices are presented in various formats, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. But they all "direct you where to go" for the next step. The computer, in contrast, lets you tell it to "bring me information from..". At each step you ju Button and Field Descriptions Description Field: This field contains the text of the descriptions of individual species in The Book. It was not designed for this search purpose at all, and can give very surprising results. Use with caution. 1 Typing "red" in Description will find species having reduced leaves, or redolent of ..., as well as those having red flowers! 2 Words that apply to a whole genus or family are used in those descriptions and may not be included in the descriB ptions of individual species: "compound leaves" finds few legumes - they almost all have compound leaves. You will probably be better off to search by matching descriptions. and will not give consistent results. Use with caution. In particular, the text contains ranges of values such as "May-July" and "Valleys to midmontane". Entering "June" or "Foothills" will not find such records, even though the plants do flower then and there. You will probably be better off to search by maB tching descriptions. hoice" takes you back one step in the key if you want to reconsider the choice just made. Continued clicking of this does not necessarily retrace your whole path, although it may. "Partner" lets you see what choices would be available if you had made the other pick. Alternatively, you can jump back to major entry points, using the "Reset Key to" menu near top left. A box giving the main choices is always present. If the keying out process has already reached a particular family or genus, > their names will appear below the menu box. Click to return to the start of that group. Example: enter "1155" at bottom right of the central yellow box and click "Enter". This will set the key to the start of FABACEAE. Navigate into a genus such as Astragalus, then click on genus and family names to reset the key. d Side-stepping: The top-most yellow box "Previous C Thumbnails Layout Button and Field Descriptions Thumbnails Layout: The "Thumbnails" and "Full Page" layouts differ from all others in having a black background to improve viewing of the photographs. They also have darker blue buttons and gold text to reduce the background brightness. Pictures are Buttons Click (shift-click) on any picture and you are taken to the "Full Page" layout in which it is displayed at up to 12.5" x 10", depending on the image. "Previous", "Next", "Card format" and "List FormatB " buttons should be clear by now. "Photo Data" is a complex of mini buttons. Each of the six takes you to a layout with information about the photograph when it was taken, where, etc. "Shift-Click" to test button Forward2 Button and Field Descriptions Second Option: Forward2 Button and Field Descriptions Second Option: Button and Field Descriptions Second Option: Partner Button and Field Descriptions The Road not Taken: This is the alternative choice you didn't make at the previous step. You can switch back and forth between the two by repeated clicking "Side-stepping". Doing this gives a quick preview of what would have been next in line if you had made the alternative choice. You may decide the alternative was better. At certain "seams" in the composite key the two alternatives are not different, and there are corresponding identical pairs in the B@two central yellow buttons/boxes. "Shift-Click" to test button d Field Descriptions Second Option: the card describing the species. [This is implicitly a "Search" operation: the Tutorial can't perform it, and instead you will probably go to the card describing the last plant in the Tutorial's fake series.] Destination Buttons Button and Field Descriptions Formal Names: When trying to be really precise it is important to include not only the familar FAMILY, Genus and species but also the Author. It is not simply giving credit to deserving botanists, but gives clear information as to exactly which plants are being included. Sometimes there is still more than one formal name by which a plant is known, often due to inertia, but also to real disagreement between experts. In that case the most important Synonyms B may be listed. ge. A gray type indicates that it is marginal, or that the assignment may B not be technically correct. For example, Seapurslane (Sesuvium verrucosum) is shown as having 0 or 5 petals: the flowers are regarded as having highly colored sepals, but no petals. ical graphics files. The default is for "Photo Library" to be on the CD-ROM and "Photo Data" to be on your computer's hard drive. Photo Library Initially set to CD-ROM. You can copy the library to the Hard Drive this requires over 500 Mb of available space, but will result in faster graphics. The computer retains any changes you make in this setting. Only partially impleme 2nted, not all photos are linked. Photo Data File During installation you will have chosen whether to put this file on your hard drive (preferred) or leave it on the CD. Either way, at start-up the program checks whether there is a copy on the hard drive, and uses it if available. You can override this. enus ("Generic") Names should be italicized or underlined, and start with a capital. Italic fonts on computers are usually messy, so I have avoided them. A genus may contain Flowering Time Button and Field Descriptions Flowering Time: The program checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. This set of check-boxes lists the months in which plants may be expected to be found in flower. Flowering may be earlier or later if conditions are especially favorable a sheltered nook in early Spring, or an exceptionally mild Fall. It _also varies with elevation: Glacier Lilies flower in late March in City Creek Canyon, but not until late May or June in the high mountains. If your search does not come up with any good matches, try entering one month later or earlier, depending whether you think it's near the beginning or end of the flowering season. "Shift-Click" to test button Flower Color Button and Field Descriptions Flower Color: People tend to be very inconsistent in how they name colors. Rather than rely only on words, I have included a color-matching box. Choose the check-box by the color that is closest to that of your flower. Colors themselves vary, as well as the names we call them most flowers will have more than one color listed in their acceptable matches. You only have to get one. Cyberflora checks to see which plants have been included (often quite looselB y) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. "Shift-Click" to test button Names in List Displays Button and Field Descriptions Names in List Displays: English Names: The English ("common") names are shown in boxes. These are displayed more prominently in the Beg/Inter mode than in the Advanced mode. Botanical Names: Three boxes ("fields") display the Latin botanical names for FAMILY, Genus and species (technically "specific epithet"). These are displayed more prominently in the Advanced mode than in the Beg/Inter mode. Taxon Numbers: Because of the way in which the data base was n this takes you to the thumbnails display layout. You can also use the "Thumbnails" button in the header, but be sure to check which record is the active one (black vertical bar at far left). File Card Modes: Formal cards have a blue "Thumbnails" button in the left control bar, with a small green circle inset. This indicates how many pictures are available. Informal cards have a similar button in the footer. terpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. This set of check-boxes lists the Elevation Ranges in which the plants are typically found. They are not absolute, and vary with soil and exposure to sunshine. Typically, plants can survive at higher elevations on the South side, rather tB han the North side of a mountain important in the steep Wasatch. If your search does not come up with any good matches, try entering one section above or below, depending whether you think it's near the lower or upper limit of its range. Button and Field Descriptions Frontispiece: The picture is randomly chosen from a varied group of 60. It also acts as a button to change the picture. Look for Plants Button and Field Descriptions Look for Plants Button: Takes you to the main layout for starting the search process. "Shift-Click" to test button e are displayed on the right side of each record. Taxon Numbers: Because of the way in which the data base was derived, the list of plants from the original book is alphabetized in a hierarchy Family>Genus>Species. Other species have been added as encountered and given a unique "taxon" number which acts as the link to share information between files. These numbers are shown in gray in the left-most box. Species listed in the book are numbered 1-1140, with others added in no particular ordD Show Photos: Each record has a small blue button with a number showing how many pictures are in the database. Click it to see them. Hide Record: Click on the blue button to remove it from the display. the window to see it properly. English Names: The English ("common") names are shown in boxes on the left side of each record. Botanical Names: Three boxes ("fields") display the Latin botanical names for FAMILY, Genus and species (technically "specific epithet"). Thes Button and Field Descriptions Card Name: You are here! The number at bottom right tells where, in the stack of nearly 4000 "file cards" that constitute the Master Key. Change that number (you may, up to 3864) and everything else changes. It controls where information is drawn from. Above this box is another containing the name of the card from which you came. Click it and you can go backwards. To the right is a box containing the name of the "partner" card to this one. It allows you tB o check out what options would have been available if you had chosen it. Below are white boxes offering two choices the classic dichotomy (and often a classic dilemma). Blue buttons below them are your entry into the next level of the process. +A Card Name Button and Field Descriptions Searching for Plants: There are about 1200 species of plants in the data base. Random browsing would be a very inefficient way of finding plants you are interested in. You can narrow the search very rapidly by giving even small amounts of information - either textual (e.g. names or name fragments) or by matching descriptive phrases. It is a back-and-forth process in which you revise and refine earlier choices. Two main choices are given: Search by Name al lows very flexible searching by informal or botanical names; Search by Description gives a set of choices of descriptive characters. Easy to use if you don't have any idea of the plant's identity. Each of the two buttons takes you to a different layout, but you can combine names and descriptive matches. VIEW When the list of found plants is 15 or greater, you are given a choice of adding new criteria or viewing the list. Below 15, the program automatically switches to present a list of t information boxesn inherentl initial initiallyZ input{ installation installation hints instance insteadh instructionl instructionsl instructive| intended[ intero interest\ interestedS interpreteda intoK introducedK introductionK introduction areaK introductionsK involucrataK involved\ iodinebushK irrelevant islandK it'sZ italic[ italicized[ itemZ items Button and Field Descriptions Informal Cards: When completed, the informal cards "About Species", "About Genus" and "About Family" will contain text of a more general interest than the very technical descriptions from the book, and a few pictures that help relate the plant to others. They will be complementary to the formal cards. Buttons in the footer allow you to switch among the three layouts, while staying with the same active record. All species within a single genus have the sameB "About Genus" and "About Family" cards. Samples cards have been made to show the general idea. There is no simple source for all this information. It will be gathered piecemeal as time permits. Not yet implemented "Shift-Click" to test button Informal Cards Button and Field Descriptions Toggle Layouts Button: This button usually takes you back to the page layout from which you have just come, acting like a toggle between the last two screens. Occasionally it may be different, and you will then need to navigate using the regular buttons. With photos it is used to take you back to the screen from which you accessed the full-sized picture, which could be one of several. NB There are other senses in which you "go backwards" in the data baseB .. to go backwards through a list of plants you go to "Previous record"; .. to get to the previous step in the Technical key you click the button above the main card name. king on the ".. pictures " indicator will display the fir k in all the central boxes. Don't panic, just click one of the "Restart" buttons on the left, and the key will reset appropriately. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Provide Feedback Button: This button is present throughout the Main Program and the Tutorial. It takes you to a "Feedback" file which can be used to relay your comments to me. When you Click or Shift-click the button some diagnostic information about your computer (e.g. Mac/PC, system version) and some program parameters (e.g. user level, photo number, where you are at in a key, etc) is also sent to the Feedback file. This helps me to reproduce your situatiB on (and any problem) more easily. You are welcome to type in any comments about the programs and their workings, and also to provide feedback if you think plants may have been misidentified. "Shift-Click" to test button at satisfy all 12 criteria specified in both types of search. Check that you don't have unwanted entries left over from a previous search, and clear them if you do. Tutorial Hints instead of "October". When you click the Search button the computer looks for plants th e to show the general idea. There is no simple source for all this information. It will be gathered piecemeal as time permits. Not yet implemented erry), Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), Holodiscus dumosus (bush oceanspray), Ribes spp. (currant and gooseberry), Cercocarpus ledifolius (mountain mahogany), Ceanothus velutinus (mountain lilac), and Sambucus spp. (elderberry). Wyethia amplexicaulis, a robust herb, occasionally dominates north-facing slopes, and Artemisia arbuscula (low sagebrush) occasionally covers rocky ridges. Streamside vegetation at midmo ntane consists chiefly of Populus spp. (cottonwood and aspen), Salix spp. (willow), Acer spp. (maple), Betula occidentalis (water birch), Alnus incana (alder), Prunus virginiana (chokecherry), Rosa woodsii (Woods' rose), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry) Cornus stolonifera (red-osier dogwood), Lonicera involucrata (bearberry honeysuckle), Ribes spp. (currant and gooseberry), Rubus parviflorus (thimbleberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), and So rbus scopulina (mountain ash). Upper montane - 9,000 to 10,000 feet. Plants dominant on slopes are Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), Populus tremuloides (aspen), and to a lesser extent, Abies concolor (white fir), Picea pungens (blue spruce), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), and Pinus flexilis (limber pine). Low shrubs commonly forming the understory in wooded areas are Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), Berberis repens (0regon grape), Vacci nium scoparium (broom huckleberry), and occasionally Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). lmportant components of the mountain brush community are Acer glabrum (smooth maple), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), Sambucus racemosa (red-berried elder), Ribes spp. (currant), and Sorbus scopulina (mountain ash). Streamside vegetation at upper montane consists chiefly of Populus tremuloides (aspen), Salix spp. (wil ing with those of eastern Asia. The affinities of many of our montane plants reflect this biogeographic relationship. The richness of the flora of the Central Wasatch Front, which covers approximately 1,000 square miles, is well illustrated by a comparison of its 1,139 species with the total of 1,585 species occurring in the entire state of South Dakota, an area of slightly more than 77,000 square miles (Van Bruggen 1976). At present, a total of 92 circumboreal species extend into our range, 174 species are introduced from Eurasia, 42 from the Mediterranean region, approximately 11 from the eastern half of the U.S., with only one species (Solanum sarrachoides), known to be introduced from South America. The remaining 819 species are presumably native to North America. The dominant plant communities of the Central Wasatch Front can be more or less roughly correlated with altitude as follows: Valleys - 4,200 to 4,800 feet. The salt flats, saline meadows, and marsh es borderng the Great Salt Lake support (in a generally decreasing order of salt-tolerance) Salicornia spp. (pickleweed), Allenrolfea occidentalis (iodinebush), Suaeda spp. (seepweed), Distichlis spicata (saltgrass), Puccinellia spp. (alkaligrass), Hordeum jubatum (foxtail), Sporobolus airoides (alkali sacaton), Sarcobatus vermiculatus (greasewood), Atriplex confertifolia (shadscale), and Atriplex gardneri (saltbush). As the salinity of the soil decreases with increasing altitude, Atriplex confertifolia (shadscale), Eurotia lanata (winterfat), Kochia americana (graymolly), Chrysothamnus nauseosus (rabbitbrush), Tetradymia spp. (horsebrush), Phragmites australis (common reed), Scirpus spp. (bulrush), and even Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) appear or become more numerous, although big sagebrush is more common at higher altitudes in well-drained soils. The same general succession occurs in areas associated with hot springs. Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive), U low), Acer glabrum (smooth maple), Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), Prunus virginiana (chokecherry), Physocarpus malvaceus (ninebark), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), Lonicera involucrata (bearberry honeysuckle), Ribes spp. (currant), Sambucus racemosa (red-berried elder), and Sorbus scopulina (mountain ash). Subalpine - 10,000 feet to timberline. Dominant plants are Abies lasiocarpa (subalpine fir), Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce), and to a lesser extent, Pinus flexil is limber pine). The most commonly occurring shrubs are Salix spp. (willow), Symphoricarpos oreophilus (snowberry), and Ribes spp. (currant). Low shrubs in wooded areas and sometimes on open slopes are Berberis repens (0regon grape), Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), and Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). Alpine - above timberline. Among approximately 175 species capable of growing at alpine in our range, the following are low shrubs or subshrubs: Salix spp. (willow), Ribes cereum (wax currant), Petrophytum caespitosum (rock spiraea), Kalmia polifolia (swamp laurel), and Vaccinium cespitosum (dwarf bilberry). Of the remaining herbaceous species, the following are possibly the most frequently encountered: Senecio spp., Mertensia spp., Arabis lemmonii and Arabis lyallii, Draba spp., Erysimum asperum, Thlaspi montanum, Ivesia gordonii , Arenaria spp., Stellaria spp., Gentianella amarella, Epilobium spp., Agrostis hyemalis, Poa spp., Phlox spp., Androsace septeT^ntrionalis, Potentilla spp., Valeriana spp., Antennaria spp., Erigeron spp., and Carex spp. erry), and Ribes spp. (currant). Low shrubs in wooded areas and sometimes on open slopes are Berberis repens (0regon grape), Pachistima myrsinites (mountain lover), and Juniperus communis (mountain juniper). Alpine - above timberline. Among approximately 175 species capable of growing at alpine in our range, the following are low shrubs or subshrubs: Salix spp. (willow), Ribes Family or Genus Keys Button and Field Descriptions Family or Genus Keys: Once you have chosen a Family or Genus as your starting point, click the appropriate blue button. You will then go directly to the Key Out format, with it set at the start of the group. If both boxes have entries, you will start at the one whose button was clicked. "Shift-Click" to test button alvaceus (ninebark), Sambucus racemosa (red-berried elder), Ribes spp. (currant), and Sorbus scopulina (mountain ash). Streamside vegetation at upper montane consists chiefly of Populus tremuloides (aspen), Salix spp. (wil Button and Field Descriptions Looking for Plants: There are about 1200 species of plants in the data base. Random browsing would be a very inefficient way of finding plants you are interested in. You can narrow the search very rapidly by giving even small amounts of information - either textual (e.g. names or name fragments) or by matching descriptive phrases. It is a back-and-forth process in which you revise and refine earlier choices. Start with one of the buttons in the first pairB , then use one from the second pair, etc. When the list of found plants is 15 or greater, you are returned to this page. Below that, the program automatically switches to present a list of the plants, from which you can directly access photographs. can be obtained by "Shift-Click" on it. Backtracking and Side-stepping: The top-most yellow box "Previous C Button and Field Descriptions Show Family or Genus: The species description is incomplete it contains information that distinguishes it from other members of the genus, but does not describe features that are common to all or most members of the genus. Thus, very few legumes are mentioned as having compound leaves, simply because it is typical of the larger group. For this reason, the technical descriptions of the genus and family are provided when you click either of the buttons. ToB( save clutter they are normally hidden. and no work Clear Names/Matches Button and Field Descriptions Match Characters of Plant: "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Find All Records: This button negates any previous searches and restores all records in their original order. Once you do this, you can no longer refine the previous search criteria. ou can no longer refine the previous search criteria. ually your only way of quitting. All keyboard shortcuts may be voided and "Command Q" or "Control Q" will not work. That's why the button is on every page. If you are running the program from "Filemaker Pro" rather than Cyberflora the button will close Filemaker and all files that are open. "Shift-Click" to test button Type of Plant Button and Field Descriptions Type of Plant: Do nothing if you are not sure of what the terms mean. Otherwise, click one or more buttons. The program checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. Individual terms are explained in the Glossary. "Shift-Click" to test button also behave in this way. They show and hide brief explanations of their function. Testing buttons. One major difference from the main program is that the Tutorial lacks the data upon which searches are based. For the most part Button and Field Descriptions Key Out: This button takes you directly to the "Key Out" layout, which is intended for Advanced users, although they are accessible to others. Find All Records Button and Field Descriptions Find All Records: This button undoes any previous searches and restores all records. Once you do this, you can no longer refine the previous search criteria. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Picture Count: This is both a field, showing the number of pictures available for the plant, and a button which opens the "Thumbnail" display of those pictures. Book Habitat Button and Field Descriptions "Habitat": This term is used broadly to cover several items, two of which are abstracted into components of the "Search Descriptions" page. Button and Field Descriptions "Habitat": This term is used broadly to cover several items, two of which (flowering time and elevation range) are separated into components of the "Search Descriptions" page. records@ gen-spec-auth@ alisA Button and Field Descriptions Changing Records: You can move backwards and forwards in the current group of records (either the whole set, or those found in the last search). The Up and Down arrow buttons are used for this: double arrows take you to the first or last record. Usually the layout remains the same, but if you are in "Full Page" layout it switches back to "Thumbnails" for simpler keeping track of where you are. Specifically, the buttons do not shift you from one picture toB~ the next within the group of six. You can do this using the miniature buttons in the left panel of the "Full Page" layout. Changing Records Check Quit Button and Field Descriptions Quit Button: Doesn't Quit immediately, but gives chance to change your mind. IMPORTANT This button is usually your only way of quitting. All keyboard shortcuts may be voided and "Command Q" or "Control Q" will not work. That's why the button is on every page. If you are running the program from "Filemaker Pro" rather than Cyberflora the button will close Filemaker and all files that are open. "Shift-Click" to test button try the faint button at lower right of the picture. When you are done, click in the pale blue area. The "Main Menu" button is on every page. Click green background to hide lly messy, so I have avoided them. A genu Button and Field Descriptions Quit Button: Doesn't Quit immediately, but gives chance to change your mind. IMPORTANT This button is usually your only way of quitting. All keyboard shortcuts may be voided and "Command Q" or "Control Q" will not work. That's why the button is on every page. If you are running the program from "Filemaker Pro" rather than Cyberflora the button will close Filemaker and all other related or unrelated files that are open. Frontispiece Name Button and Field Descriptions YOU ARE HERE: Nothing happens. This is just a box reporting where you are in the key, or giving the results of a search. Button and Field Descriptions YOU ARE HERE: Nothing happens. This is just a box reporting where you are in the key, or giving the results of a search. Information Boxes ox reporting where you are in the key, or giving the results of a search. y favorable a sheltered nook in early Spring, or an exceptionally mild Fall. It _also varies with elevation: Glacier Lilies flower in late March in City Creek Canyon, but not until late May or June in the high mountains. If your search does not come up with any good matches, try entering one month later or earlier, depending whether you think it's near the beginning or end of the flowering season. "Shift-Click" to test button Mini Buttons Button and Field Descriptions Mini Buttons: These switch among the "Full Page" layouts for the available photographs. Below the group of six buttons is a number showing which photograph is selected. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Mini Buttons: These switch among the "Full Page" layouts for the available photographs. Below the group of six buttons is a number showing which photograph is selected. Button and Field Descriptions Full Photo: Clicking on the button or on the photograph itself will take you to the "Full Page" layout. Once you are in the full page mode you can return to the original layout by clicking the big picture or the left arrow button. This may be any place a small photo is shown - Thumbnails, Photo Data, or About layouts. When you go to the Full Photo from the About Genus or About Family layouts the name shown will not necessarily be that of the plant in the photograph, but is that of the species from which the photo was accessed. If you move to a different card while in the photo layouts the return arrow will have lost track of where you came from, and will go nowhere. Just use the other navigation buttons. ture. e big picture. Button and Field Descriptions Photo Data Layout: The "Photo Data" layout contains primarily data about the photograph, rather than the plant as such. Even if the identification were in error (there will still be some that surface), the fundamental information about where and when the picture was taken will remain valid. Photographs in the "Photo Library" are "named" acording to their roll number (not shown), which makes them roughly chronological. It is an objective name, not subject #to reinterpretation. This name is used to communicate among files whenever photographs are being shown or referenced. The information can give ideas as to where and when plants may be found in flower in our area. Click on the picture to return to the layout from which you have just come. Gen-Spec-Auth Button and Field Descriptions Botanical Names: This box reports the Genus and species names with which you are familiar. It also adds the Author. The author(s) in this context is often a whole pedigree: ultimately it means the people whose classification and naming are preferred by the author of the flora. There are rigid rules of priority, and weaker ones of consensus which prevent this from becoming arbitrary. Many species carry the simple suffix L, indicating that the name given byBv Linnaeus over 200 years ago is still the valid one. N.B. no capitals or underlining are needed for search entries. About Help Button and Field Descriptions About Help: QUITTING THE PROGRAM The only way is to click the Q button at lower right. Keyboard shortcuts (Command-Q, Control-Q etc) don't work. HELP is available throughout the database. Every layout contains a small ? button, usually blue and near the bottom left corner. Clicking on it will take you to to a file that reproduces the main one in most respects: all the layouts are there, but the background color is pale blue rather than pale green. Within reen. Within th ALL 12 criteria for names and descriptive matches. A box shows concurrent match searches. Clear these if you want to - you can't edit them without going to the match layout. Button and Field Descriptions Botanical Names: This box reports the Genus and species names with which you are familiar. It also adds the Author. The author(s) in this context is often a whole pedigree: ultimately it means the people whose classification and naming are preferred by the author of the flora. There are rigid rules of priority, and weaker ones of consensus which prevent this from becoming arbitrary. Many species carry the simple suffix L, indicating that the name given byBv Linnaeus over 200 years ago is still the valid one. N.B. no capitals or underlining are needed for search entries. Button and Field Descriptions Restarting Keys: These buttons restart the keying process from: .. a major keying point (choose from pop-up list then click on blue button); .. the beginning of the Genus or Family if you are that far along (click on the name, if present). A family or genus with just a single representative may not have a return point. Show Family or Genus Button and Field Descriptions Sample Record: When you first come to this page it shows the technical description for a particular plant: Epilobium canum ("Firechalice") of the Evening Primrose family. Neither the English nor the Latin family names appear on the record, because the records are all grouped within the family. This record was chosen because it contains information in every field, and gives a better idea of how things appear in the book. To learn about the individual fie @lds, first click anywhere in the background (to clear this box), and then click the name. To see how the information varies among plants, just type a different number in the red "Taxon" box in either page. Other plants may lack one or more fields, and the typed information may therefore not match the layout exactly. cies be included within the genus Epilobium. In doing so their names would have to changed because Epilobium was described earlier. The new name became Epilobium canum. The authorship is then expressed as "(Greene) Raven". However ..... Not everybody had agreed with Greene's creation of "Zauschneria cana", nor did everyone agree with Raven's merging the two genera. The name by which the plants had long been known was "Zauschneria latifolia (Hook.) Greene". Some people never made the switch. Now the pendulum of opinion is swinging back, and people are again recognizing the plant as "Zauschneria latifolia (Hook.) Greene" rather than as "Epilobium canum (Greene) Raven". This is how it will appear in the new edition of Arnow's book, which is under revision. See also the "Comments" and "Synonyms" fi Button and Field Descriptions Key Buttons: Buttons in this panel take you directly to the corresponding point in the dichotomous key. Restarting Keys Button and Field Descriptions Restarting Keys: Takes you to the main layout for starting the search process. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Search for Plants: This button takes you back to the original "Look for Plants" layout. An alternative is to use the miniature version of thet layout immediately to the right of this button. Button and Field Descriptions Concurrent Searches: Until you restart from scratch, the computer remembers the previous search criteria and includes them in refinements. When matching characters it is easy to forget that you may already have limited your search to "composite" family. The two complementary "Concurrent Searches" fields in different layouts remind you of what has already been entered. P and no work Key Buttons Button and Field Descriptions Key Buttons: "Shift-Click" to test button epecies, or just one. Examples: Astragalus, Calochortus. Species name ("binomial") has two words, one denoting the genus to which it is assigned, and the specific epithet. The latter should be italicized or underlined, with no capital. Examples: Astragalus utahensis, Calochortus nuttallii. N.B. no capitals or underlining are needed for search entries. A genus may contain tart of a word, or multiple words, and the entry is done. Type less, rather than more, because a misspelling of a complex name will stall the whole thing: "chic" will find "Chicory" while "chichory" will not. 6 The page has reminders built in. "Shift-Click" to test button lick on the word of your choice to set it in the box as your search criterion for that item. 5 The boxes for "Common Name", "Description" and "Habitat" do not have lists. Simply type in a word, the s y not be totally submerged. Fern: Technically a member of certain families that reproduce by spores, and have no flowers. Also used loosely to include plants with lace-like leaves. Vine: A plant that climbs or clambers, with twining stems. Parasite: A plants that draws on others for some or all of its nutrition, e.g. dodder (total), paintbrush (partial). Succulent: Fleshy or juicy: e.g. stems of cactus, leaves of Sedum. The program checks to see which plants have been included (often D quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. erennial with multiple stems/branches from ground level. Subshrub: A dwarf shrub with woody stems. Tree: A woody perennial plant, typically with a distinct trunk and over 6 feet tall. Aquatic: Growing in water: may or may not be totally submerged. Fern: Technically a member of certain families that reproduce by spores, and have no f Button and Field Descriptions Tutorial Hints: This screen (layout) appears when you first open the Tutorial from the main program. It is mostly a duplicate of the "Frontispiece" layout of the main program. Identifying differences are that the background color is pale blue rather than pale green, and there is an extra button "Return to Main". Every other layout in the main program has a similar counterpart in the Tutorial also. Displaying hints. When you click on any button in the Tutor ial layouts, a brief explanation of the button's function is shown in a box. A second click in the same or any other button hides the box. For the purposes of the Tutorial many of the normal display boxes (fields) that show data or pictures, and many page titles, also behave in this way. They show and hide brief explanations of their function. Testing buttons. One major difference from the main program is that the Tutorial contains no real data of its own. For the most part this means th Button and Field Descriptions Descriptions Layout: As mentioned elsewhere the descriptions given for individual species omit much information that is common to all species in the same genus or family. Such information is included in the book at the beginning of each level of the hierarchy. This layout brings the three descriptions together so that a plant can be more fully scrutinized. Omitting Records Button and Field Descriptions Concurrent Searches: Until you restart from scratch, the computer remembers the previous search criteria and includes them in refinements. When matching characters it is easy to forget that you may already have limited your search to "composite" family. The two complementary "Concurrent Searches" fields in different layouts remind you of what has already been entered. Concurrent Searches Start Word Search Button and Field Descriptions Start Word Search: Clears all previous search criteria and takes you to a layout where you can enter names or partial names (in English or Latin). Can also search less usefully for information about descriptions and habitats from The Book. Quite likely, at your first round of searching you will be returned to this page. Searches always find only those records that satisfy all the criteria in all the entry fields. Searching for this or that is not built inB0 to this program. "Shift-Click" to test button or Plants Button and Field Descriptions "Photo Library" and "Photo Data" Buttons: These let you choose locations for critical graphics files. The default is for "Photo Library" to be on the CD-ROM and "Photo Data" to be on your computer's hard drive. Photo Library Initially set to CD-ROM. You can copy the library to the Hard Drive this requires over 500 Mb of available space, but will result in faster graphics. The computer retains any changes you make in this setting. Photo Data File DurB ing installation you will have chosen whether to put this file on your hard drive (preferred) or leave it on the CD. Either way, at start-up the program checks whether there is a copy on the hard drive, and uses it if available. You can override this. whether you will continue to use the CD-ROM as the source of photos, or copy it to the Hard Drive. Not yet implemented key and to a specific file card. LY, Genus and species (technicall Button and Field Descriptions List Displays: English Names: The English ("common") names are shown in boxes. These are displayed on the left side of each record. Botanical Names: Three boxes ("fields") display the Latin botanical names for FAMILY, Genus and species (technically "specific epithet"). These are displayed on the right side of each record. Taxon Numbers: Because of the way in which the data base was derived, the list of plants from the original book is ordered in a hierarc 6hy Family>Genus>Species. Other species have been added as encountered and given a definitive "taxon" number which acts as the link to share information between files. These numbers are shown in gray in the left-modt box. Species listed in the book are numbered 1-1140, with others added in no paricular order. l green circle inset. This indicates how many pictures are available. Beg/Inter users see a simple "Thumbnails" button in the footer. mple "Thumbna Pics Count Button and Field Descriptions Picture Count: This is both a field, showing the number of pictures available for the plant, and a button which opens the "Thumbnail" display of those pictures. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Picture Count: This is both a field, showing the number of pictures available for the plant, and a button which opens the "Thumbnail" display of those pictures. h simulated record, below FAMILY. Try changing it to any mumber up to 1528. This brings in the corrseponding data from the ma ons of the main program. Example. If you are on the opening page, hold down the "Shift" key, and click the frontispiece picture. Then try the faint button at lower right of the picture. When you are done, click in the pale blue area. The "Main Menu" button is on every page. Button and Field Descriptions Tutorial Hints: This screen (layout) appears when you first open the Tutorial from the main program. It is mostly a duplicate of the "Frontispiece" layout of the main program. Identifying differences are that the background color is pale blue rather than pale green, and there is an extra button "Return to Main". Every other layout in the main program has a similar counterpart in the Tutorial also. Displaying hints. When you click on any button in the Tuto rial layouts, a brief explanation of the button's function is shown in a box. A second click in the same or any other button hides the box. For the purposes of the Tutorial many of the normal display boxes (fields) that show data or pictures, and many page titles, also behave in this way. They show and hide brief explanations of their function. Testing buttons. One major difference from the main program is that the Tutorial lacks the data upon which searches are based. For the most part this means that you cannot perform real searches, but only simulations. Otherwise, the Tutorial can demonstrate most of the simple functions of the main program. This can be done by holding down the "Shift" key, and then clicking the button in question. Don't release the "Shift" key too soon. Example. Hold down the "Shift" key, and click the frontispiece picture. Then try the faint button at lower right of the picture. When you are done, give any of the buttons a single click. Button and Field Descriptions Petal Number: Do nothing if you are not sure of what the terms mean. Otherwise, click one or more buttons. The program checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. Examples: 1 many composites are included as having "Many" petals, because that is how they appear to the layman; 2 Seapurslane (SesuviumB verrucosum, AIZOACEAE) is included as having "5" petals, as well as the technically correct "0" petals. "Shift-Click" to test button Petal Number lants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. Individual terms are explained in the Glossary. "Shift-Click" to test button Book Comments Button and Field Descriptions "Comments": This field is usually blank. When present, the comments are primarily technical in nature, presenting a rationale for choosing among alternative names. Button and Field Descriptions "Comments": This field is usually blank. When present, the comments are primarily technical in nature, presenting a rationale for choosing among alternative names. Taxon did everyone agree with Raven's merging the two genera. The name by which the plants had long been known was "Zauschneria latifolia (Hook.) Greene". Some people never made the switch. Now the pendulum of opinion is swinging back, and people are again recognizing the plant as "Zauschneria latifolia (Hook.) Greene" rather than as "Epilobium canum (Greene) Raven". This is how it will appear in the new edition of Arnow's book, which is under revision. See also the "Comments" and "Synonyms" fiD3elds for this plant. "Shift-Click" to test button o genera. The name by which the plants had long been known was "Zauschneria latifolia (Hook.) Greene". Some people never made the switch. Now the pendulum of opinion is swinging back, and people are again recognizing the plant as "Zauschneria latifolia (Hook.) Greene" rather than as "Epilobium canum (Greene) Raven". This is how it will appear in the new edition of Arnow's book, which is under revision. See also the "Comments" Button and Field Descriptions Formal Description: To a trained botanist this field contains a wealth of information in precise, compact language. This can render it impenetrable to the layman. In a particular example (Epilobium canum), about 35 words are sufficiently "technical" that they are explained in the Glossary. Perhaps surprisingly, the descriptions are usually incomplete, because much information that applies to all species in the same family or genus is omitted for the sake oB f brevity. This is what renders them less useful for searching. For example, very few plant species are noted to have composite leaves, because that character is usually typical of the genus or family. Common Names Entry Button and Field Descriptions Common Names Entry: This field allows you to enter common names (e.g. "Sego Lily") or words (e.g. "Lily") or initial fragments of words (e.g. "dandel") to start a search. Type in your "target" and click the Search button. There is no "pull-down" list for this field, because the multiple common names make things too complicated. Button and Field Descriptions Common Names Entry: This field allows you to enter common names (e.g. "Sego Lily") or words (e.g. "Lily") or initial fragments of words (e.g. "dandel") to start a search. Type in your "target" and click the Search button. as "Genus" "species" "FAMILY", etc. To see a view showing how these fields relate to the way they appear in the book, use "Shift + Click". This layout will also identify the individual components of the data. To see how the information varies among plants, just type a different number in the red "Taxon" box in either page. On switcB hing to the other layout a particular plant (Firechalice) is shown, because it contains something in every field. Only minimal information is present for species which were not described in the 1980 edition of the book. Button and Field Descriptions User Notes: This box allows you to keep notes about a particular plant - where you have seen it, for instance, or a particular photograph in "Photo Data" layout - anything of interest to you. There will later be an option for adding your own photographs also. Click on Find "Notes" to select only records for which you have made notes. Clicking Find "Reset" will restore the group of records found previously. Notes are stored in a file named "User Notes" in B the Wasatch Flora folder. If you have to reinstall, remember to keep that file aside and reinsert it once you are done - otherwise the notes will be lost. "Zauschneria cana", nor Common Names Button and Field Descriptions Common Names: The botanical names are rigidly systematic. Common names are notoriously variable from place to place, even within a single country (or state, or county....). Some names, like "Wild Rose" are applied to many different species, even within a local area. Still, everyone knows which plants are meant, even if they can't name the species involved. Others, like the various "Golden this" and "Yellow that" in the Daisy Family (also called the Sunfl Common Names: The botanical names are rigidly systematic. Common names are notoriously variable from place to place, even within a single country (or state, or county....). Some names, like "Wild Rose" are applied to many different species, even within a local area. Still, everyone knows which plants are meant, even if they can't name the species involved. Others, like the various "Golden this" and "Yellow that" in the Daisy Family (also called the Sunfl isy Family" the first time, and then switch to look for "Blue Flowers"). Remember that the search uses all criteria from both sets and all must be satisfied. Button and Field Descriptions Glossary: Many flora provide a glossary of the more commonly used terms. Arnow's book deliberately uses fewer technical terms than most, but still has about 550 entries in the glossary. It is available on call from those layouts which make use of technical vocabulary. To activate this feature "Click" on the Glossary button. A scrolling list of the glossary terms appears, from which you make a choice in the usual way by clicking on one. An explanation of th e term appears immediately in the space below the term itself. If there are any illustrations "Pics" will show to the right of the button. The Book's glossary has a very useful set of line drawings, which are available by clicking the word Pics. Behind the scenes in Cyberflora are links to the library of photographs when appropriate. If these are present "Photos" will be shown in the new window. When you click, they will be displayed. To hide the Glossary, simply click again on the "Clea Button and Field Descriptions Common Names Entry: These fields allow you to enter common names (e.g. "Sego Lily") or words (e.g. "Lily") or initial fragments of words (e.g. "dandel") to start a search. Type in your "target" and click the Search button. If you place an entry from the pull-down list in Family, the next box will display only those genera which occur there, otherwise you get the whole list of over 400. Concurrent Searches Common Names Entry Button and Field Descriptions Card Name: You are here! The number at bottom right tells where, in the stack of nearly 4000 "file cards" that constitute the Master Key. Change that number (you may, up to 3864) and everything else changes. Above this box is another containing the name of the card from which you came. Click it ("Shift + Click" in the Tutorial) and you can go backwards. To the right is a box containing the name of the "partner" card to this one. It allows you to check out what options would have been available if you had chosen it. Below are white boxes offering two choices the classic dichotomy (and often a classic dilemma). Blue buttons below them are your entry into the next level of the process. "Shift-Click" to test button Formal / Informal Button and Field Descriptions Formal / Informal Buttons: These let you go directly to the descriptive cards without changing your user level. Button and Field Descriptions Formal / Informal Buttons: These take you directly to the descriptive cards Button and Field Descriptions Type of Plant: Do nothing if you are not sure of what the terms mean. Otherwise, click one or more buttons. Herb: A plant without a woody above-ground stem. Can be annual, biennial, or perennial. Annual: Completes its life cycle from seed to death in a single year (not always a calendar year). Biennial: Two-year life cycle, typically a leafy first year storing nutrients, followed by flowering and death the next. Perennial: Multi-year, not always very l ong. Some part of plant survives the winter and regrows the next year. Perennial herbs die back to the ground, shrubs retain living stems. Grass, Reed or Sedge: A plant that has narrow linear leaves, slender stems, and no obvious petals in the flowers. Shrub: A woody perennial with multiple stems/branches from ground level. Subshrub: A dwarf shrub with woody stems. Tree: A woody perennial plant, typically with a distinct trunk and over 6 feet tall. Aquatic: Growing in water: may or ma Button and Field Descriptions Provide Feedback Button: This button is present throughout the Main Program and the Tutorial. It takes you to a "Feedback" file which can be used to relay your comments to me. When you Click or Shift-click the button some diagnostic information about your computer (e.g. Mac/PC, system version) and some program parameters (e.g. user level, photo number, where you are at in a key, etc) is also sent to the Feedback file. This helps me to reproduce your situatiB on (and any problem) more easily. You are welcome to type in any comments about the programs and their workings, and also to provide feedback if you think plants may have been misidentified. and no work n the C&footer. "Shift-Click" to test button Key Out Button and Field Descriptions Key Out: This button takes you directly to the "Key Out" layout, which is intended for "Advanced" users. The button is found in layouts that are used only in that mode. If you came to the "Lisy Layout" directly, rather than from the key, the latter may be completely blank in all the central boxes. Don't panic, just click one of the "Restart" buttons on the left, and the key will reset appropriately. "Shift-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Flowering Time: The program checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. This set of check-boxes lists the months in which plants may be expected to be found in flower. Flowering may be earlier or later if conditions are especially favorable a sheltered nook in early Spring, or an exceptionally mild Fall. It Aalso varies with elevation: Glacier Lilies flower in late March in City Creek Canyon, but not until late May or June in the high mountains. If your search does not come up with any good matches, try entering one month later or earlier, depending whether you think it's near the beginning or end of the flowering season. t-Click" to test button Button and Field Descriptions Flower Color: People, including botanists, tend to be very inconsistent in how they name colors. Parry's Primrose was described in about 8 different ways in 10 botany books. Rather than rely only on words, I have included a color-matching box. Choose the check-box by the color that is closest to that of your flower (click on the word, though). Colors themselves vary, as well as the names we call them most flowers will have more than one color listed in thB eir acceptable matches. Any one will do. Cyberflora checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. Book Records Button and Field Descriptions Data from "The Book": This page shows the technical descriptions from Arnow's book, teased apart into various components such as "Genus" "species" "FAMILY", etc. To see a view showing how these fields relate to the way they appear in the book, use "Shift + Click". This layout will also identify the individual components of the data. To see how the information varies among plants, just type a different number in the red "Taxon" box in either page. On switcB hing to the other layout a particular plant (Firechalice) is shown, because it contains something in every field. Only minimal information is present for species which were not described in the 1980 edition of the book. not remain visible. In this layout you can also select other entries from the text box at upper left, and see text and line-drawings, but not photosB . "Shift-Click" to test button keysL layouto layouts level libraryM listu layout lookF plantsF lookingS looking plantsS mainA menuA match_ match plant characters_ matchesZ menuA buttons nameD names[ names displaysu names/matches notes nothingm numberc omitting omitting records openB helpB options partner petalc petal numberc photoM photo button photo layout photo libraryM picsv countv pictures plant_ plantsF plants foundG preliminaries preliminaries button preliminaries quitC rangef recordy recordss refiningU refining searchesU restarting restarting sampley sample recordy the left of the main panel give the formal descriptions of genus and family as they occur in our area also. Many buttons and fields respond to "Shift-Click" by showing more detailed information. Informal Cards (Red button): These give some informal description from various sources, along with a few photographs. They also link to informal cards for the genus and family. Glossary: Because of technical language used in formal cards, the book's glossary is provided, along with some illustraD(tions. Click the button to activate it. active when you were last in a card or list layout. It is still the active one your apparent motion through the key is really the key going past you. Your place in the main data base is unchanged. A change only happens when you reach an end-point in the key, and decide to make the jump out of the key and to a specific file card. Formal Cards (Red button): These give all the information from the book for each species. Small buttons t s hundreds of species, or just one. Examples: Astragalus, Calochortus. Species name ("binomial") has two words, one denoting the genus to which it is assigned, and the specific epithet. The latter should be italicized or underlined, with no capital. Examples: Astragalus utahensis, Calochortus nuttallii. N.B. no capitals or underlining are needed for search entries. Button and Field Descriptions User Settings: These buttons allows you to choose settings for the Photo Library WS file. Photo Library WS is normally left on the CD. If you have room on your hard drive - about 560 megabytes - download it and use it from there to give the fastest response. Especially true of lap-top use. Choose whichever locations are best suited to your computer. You must indicate which library is to be used. C>rously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. Petal Number e (e.g. roses, buttercups and mustards), or joined at the base into a cup (e.g. Bindweed, Scarlet Gilia). Petals Tubular: Petals are joined, and form a relatively narrow tube, as in penstemons. The program checks to see which plants have been included (often quite loosely) in each category. Deliberately, its criteria have been very generously interpreted, so as to avoid eliminating near-misses. Button and Field Descriptions Help: Help is available through this pop-up system. Usually the information is shown more or less upper left and center. "List" layouts display the information in the "active" record, and you may have to scroll the window to see it. Overview: Click on the Page Title to see an overview of the layout's function. Details: Shift-Click on buttons to find out what they do. Many fields also have explanations attached. word, the s Button and Field Descriptions Home Page Button / Main Choices Page: Almost always present, the button takes you to the Main Choices layout, which is somewhat like a "Home Page". This is the best place to start over - reset user level if you want. You can also use this menu to access a few other layouts (bottom left) that are hard to get to otherwise. The "Continue" button on the Frontispiece page also takes you to the same place, or will first take you to the "Preliminaries" page if yB ou haven't signed in yet. The "Finished with Preliminaries" button on the Preliminaries page also takes you to the same place, or will remind you if you haven't signed in yet. Button and Field Descriptions List Layout Button: This button takes you directly to the "List" layout, which is a convenient way of displaying names and data from a number of plant species: all 1200 of them if you have not yet made a search. List Displays: Most layouts show one page per plant ("record"). A few display information on many records, particularly when giving search results. Each record for an individual plant is then a horizontal green bar containing summary information. Although many records may be displayed, only one is active, as shown by a narrow vertical black bar at far left. More information on many of the fields and buttons can be obtained by "Shift-Click" - you may have to scroll the window to see it properly. English Names: The English ("common") names are shown in boxes on the left side of each record. Botanical Names: Three boxes ("fields") display the Latin botanical names for FAMILY, Genus and species (technically "specific epithet"). Thes ficient way of finding plants you are interested in. You can narrow the search very rapidly by giving even small amounts of information - either textual (e.g. names or name fragments) or by matching descriptive phrases. It is a back-and-forth process in which you revise and refine earlier choices. Start with one of the buttons in the first pairB , then use one from the second pair, etc. When the list of found plants is 15 or greater, you are returned to this page. Below that, the program automatically switches to present a list of the plants, from which you can directly access photographs. A Key Enter Button and Field Descriptions Keying Out: This button takes you first to a page where you choose where to start in the big technical key. From there you go to the "Key Out" page, which is intended for "Advanced" users because the botanical language gets very technical. "Shift-Click" to test button n") names are shown in boxes. These are displayed on the left side of each record. Botanical Names: Three boxes ("fields") display the Latin botanical names for FAMILY, Genus and species (technically "spe t for starting the search process. "Shift-Click" to test button Look for Plants Button and Field Descriptions Look for Plants Button: Takes you to the main layout for starting the search process. "Shift-Click" to test button lly wide variation - the average annual precipit ation ranging from 12 inches in the valley to 60 inches on the highest peaks, and the average annual air temperature ranging from 51 F in the valleys to about 36 F in the mountains. The abrupt, dramatic change in altitude from saline lowlands to glacial peaks yields myriad habitats in which plants may grow. The diversity resulting from edaphic and climatic variation is augmented by the presence of a migration route formed by the mountains stretching northward and ultimately connect Button and Field Descriptions About Cyberflora Button: Gives more details of the Cyberflora project, including some of the structure of the data base and its workings. Not fully implemented Introduction Entering Names Button and Field Descriptions Entering Names: This group of blue or white boxes are for entering the search names. The top three are for informal, the bottom three for botanical names. White boxes display a scroll-down list of all the available choices, alphabetically arranged. Click on a name to select it. The blue box is for the common names. Because of the multiple alternatives in many cases, it is best to have a simple type-in box, where a short entry such as "lily" may find a grB5oup of related plants. "Shift-Click" to test button d Side-stepping: The top-most yellow box "Previous C Button and Field Descriptions Choose Genus Field: You can start the key at any Genus of your choice. Select from the complete list of genera in the Key (about 500). 1 click to show list; 2 type or scroll to find which one you want; 3 click on the name to select it, or outside the field to cancel; 4 click button to start key. When there is only one species in a genus an error message is given, indicating that there is no key entry for that genus. feedback feetK fewerp fieldA field-buttons fieldsT fileh filemakerC filesC fillZ filled\ fillingZ findN recordss findingS Button and Field Descriptions Clear Names/Matches: These buttons clear any previously set criteria from the corresponding boxes, removing text and/or checks. and no work Button and Field Descriptions Preliminaries Page: This page sets some basic features: User Name this is not a registration, just a way of keeping track. If you send me feedback, I will be able to relate it to previous exchanges. Use a pseudonym if you wish. You will always be sent to this page until "Veronica Speedwell" has been changed. License Agreement is standard kind of thing. Photo Library is set to "CD-ROM" by default. If you download the library to your hard drive aB nd use it from there, you will need to change this setting. Photo Data is set to "Hard Drive" by default. The computer should automatically reset this if you are using the copy on the CD-ROM. Beg / Inter" setting will be more useful when the informal card layouts are complete.